Presidency · Presidents

Bill Clinton

42nd president · Democrat · January 20, 1993 – January 19, 2001

William Jefferson Clinton is an American retired politician and lawyer who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979, the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and governor again from 1983 to 1992. (Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0)

How to read this

Each card takes a series from one of the site’s Presidency, Congress or Supreme Court pages and shows only the time Clinton was in office. Monthly figures run from the month of the inauguration to the month the term ended; a fiscal or calendar year counts for the president who held office for most of its days. Cards whose data begins after 1993 say where it starts, and a card with no data for the term is left out.

These are conditions during a presidency, not a scorecard. Congress, the courts, the Federal Reserve, the business cycle and events abroad move every one of these numbers, and many policies take effect years after they are signed, so a change during a term is not a measure of what the president caused.

All presidents

← George H. W. Bush

George W. Bush →

8 yearsIn office2,922 days

1,768Laws signed

307Executive ordersData starts January 1994

2Justices appointed

Who held power

Party control of Congress

Democrats held both chambers for 2 years, one chamber for 1 months and neither for 6 years.

107th Congress2001House: Rep.212 D · 221 R · 2 otherSenate*: Dem.50 D · 50 R
106th Congress1999–2001House: Rep.211 D · 223 R · 1 otherSenate: Rep.45 D · 55 R
105th Congress1997–1999House: Rep.207 D · 226 R · 2 otherSenate: Rep.45 D · 55 R
104th Congress1995–1997House: Rep.204 D · 230 R · 1 otherSenate: Rep.48 D · 52 R
103rd Congress1993–1995House: Dem.258 D · 176 R · 1 otherSenate: Dem.57 D · 43 R

* The Senate majority changed hands during this Congress; the chip shows the party that held it longer while this president was in office.

Seats are at the start of each Congress. Democrats and Republicans include the independents who caucused with them.

Data notes

Each Congress is clipped to the days this president was in office. A chamber’s majority is the party that held it for most of those days; seat counts are at the start of the Congress, with independents counted with the party they caucused with. From the House and Senate historians’ party divisions.

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Timeline →

Supreme Court appointments

Bill Clinton appointed 2 justices: Ginsburg (1993) and Breyer (1994).

Stephen Breyer · Associate justiceNominated May 17, 1994 · confirmed 87–9
Ruth Ginsburg · Associate justiceNominated Jun 22, 1993 · confirmed 96–3

Data notes

A justice counts for the president who nominated them (a recess appointment from the day it began, if earlier). An associate justice later made chief by another president, like William Rehnquist, counts as an elevation for the second. Failed and withdrawn nominations are not listed. Dates and Senate votes from the Federal Judicial Center.

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Supreme Court →

Laws and orders

Laws signed

Signed 1,768 laws, 39 of them major laws. Congress enacted 2 more over a veto.

Laws signed per year in office

1993–94 208 → 2000–01 410

By policy area

Land, water & farming434 (25%)
Commemorations354 (20%)
Government, justice & rights297 (17%)
Economy, taxes & trade265 (15%)
Defense & foreign affairs138 (8%)
Health, education & culture127 (7%)
Energy & environment86 (5%)
Transport, housing & emergencies67 (4%)

Data notes

Public laws whose enactment date falls in the term, from Congress.gov (93rd Congress, 1973, on; private laws left out), counted through 2026-10-15. A law enacted over a veto is not counted as signed; a bill that became law without a signature is. A bar is one year in office, from the inauguration to the day before its anniversary. Policy areas are the Congressional Research Service’s, grouped as on the Laws page.

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Laws signed per year in office
Period	Value
1993–94	208
1994–95	255
1995–96	97
1996–97	235
1997–98	153
1998–99	240
1999–00	170
2000–01	410

All laws →

Executive orders

Signed 307 executive orders; the most common topic was government operations (71).

Executive orders per year in office

Data starts January 1994

1993–94 2 → 2000–01 53

By topic

Government operations71 (23%)
National security & defense44 (14%)
Economy, labor & technology43 (14%)
Foreign policy40 (13%)
Energy & environment36 (12%)
Health & education31 (10%)
Trade & tariffs24 (8%)
Civil rights & civic life12 (4%)
Immigration & justice6 (2%)

Data notes

Executive orders signed in the term, from the Federal Register, whose electronic record begins in 1994. Each order has one primary topic, assigned as on the Executive orders page. Counts say how many orders were signed, not how much they did: one order can set up a program or rename an office. A bar is one year in office.

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Executive orders per year in office
Period	Value
1993–94	2
1994–95	52
1995–96	42
1996–97	47
1997–98	38
1998–99	40
1999–00	33
2000–01	53

All executive orders →

Major laws signed

39 of the laws Clinton signed are counted as important enactments, newest first, with how each passed the House and Senate.

Passage votesYeaNay

Dec 21, 2000Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001Economy, taxes & tradeHouse292–60 (292 yea, 60 nay)SenateUnanimous consent
Dec 11, 2000Water Resources Development Act of 2000Land, water & farmingHouse312–2 (312 yea, 2 nay)SenateUnanimous consent
Oct 10, 2000U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000Economy, taxes & tradeHouse237–197 (237 yea, 197 nay)Senate83–15 (83 yea, 15 nay)
Nov 12, 1999Gramm-Leach-Bliley ActEconomy, taxes & tradeHouse362–57 (362 yea, 57 nay)Senate90–8 (90 yea, 8 nay)
Jul 20, 1999Y2K ActGovernment, justice & rightsHouse404–24 (404 yea, 24 nay)Senate81–18 (81 yea, 18 nay)
Apr 29, 1999Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999Health, education & cultureAuthorizes the Secretary of Education to allow all States to participate in the Education Flexibility Partnership (Ed-Flex Partnership) program.House368–57 (368 yea, 57 nay)Senate98–1 (98 yea, 1 nay)
Oct 21, 1998Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999Economy, taxes & tradeHouse333–95 (333 yea, 95 nay)Senate65–29 (65 yea, 29 nay)
Oct 21, 1998Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999Economy, taxes & tradeHouse409–14 (409 yea, 14 nay)Senate96–1 (96 yea, 1 nay)
Jul 22, 1998Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998Economy, taxes & tradeHouse402–8 (402 yea, 8 nay)Senate96–2 (96 yea, 2 nay)
Jun 9, 1998Transportation Equity Act for the 21st CenturyTransport, housing & emergenciesHouse297–86 (297 yea, 86 nay)Senate88–5 (88 yea, 5 nay)
Nov 21, 1997Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997Health, education & cultureHouseVoice voteSenateVoice vote
Nov 19, 1997Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997Health, education & cultureHouseMethod not statedSenateUnanimous consent
Aug 5, 1997Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997Economy, taxes & tradeHouse389–43 (389 yea, 43 nay)Senate92–8 (92 yea, 8 nay)
Aug 5, 1997Balanced Budget Act of 1997Economy, taxes & tradeHouse346–85 (346 yea, 85 nay)Senate85–15 (85 yea, 15 nay)
Sep 30, 1996Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997Defense & foreign affairsHouse370–37 (370 yea, 37 nay)SenateVoice vote
Aug 22, 1996Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996Health, education & cultureHouse328–101 (328 yea, 101 nay)Senate78–21 (78 yea, 21 nay)
Aug 21, 1996Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996Health, education & cultureHouse421–2 (421 yea, 2 nay)Senate98–0 (98 yea, 0 nay)
Aug 20, 1996Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996Economy, taxes & tradeHouse354–72 (354 yea, 72 nay)Senate76–22 (76 yea, 22 nay)
Aug 6, 1996Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996Energy & environmentHouse392–30 (392 yea, 30 nay)Senate98–0 (98 yea, 0 nay)
Aug 3, 1996Food Quality Protection Act of 1996Energy & environmentHouse417–0 (417 yea, 0 nay)SenateUnanimous consent
Apr 26, 1996Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996Economy, taxes & tradeHouse399–25 (399 yea, 25 nay)Senate88–11 (88 yea, 11 nay)
Apr 24, 1996Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996Government, justice & rightsHouse293–133 (293 yea, 133 nay)Senate91–8 (91 yea, 8 nay)
Apr 9, 1996Line Item Veto ActEconomy, taxes & tradeHouseUnanimous consentSenate69–31 (69 yea, 31 nay)
Apr 4, 1996Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996Land, water & farmingHouse318–89 (318 yea, 89 nay)Senate74–26 (74 yea, 26 nay)
Feb 8, 1996Telecommunications Act of 1996Government, justice & rightsHouse414–16 (414 yea, 16 nay)Senate91–5 (91 yea, 5 nay)
Dec 19, 1995Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995Government, justice & rightsHouseVoice voteSenate98–0 (98 yea, 0 nay)
Mar 22, 1995Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995Government, justice & rightsHouse394–28 (394 yea, 28 nay)Senate91–9 (91 yea, 9 nay)
Jan 23, 1995Congressional Accountability Act of 1995Government, justice & rightsHouse390–0 (390 yea, 0 nay)Senate98–1 (98 yea, 1 nay)
Dec 8, 1994Uruguay Round Agreements ActEconomy, taxes & tradeHouse288–146 (288 yea, 146 nay)Senate76–24 (76 yea, 24 nay)
Oct 31, 1994California Desert Protection Act of 1994Land, water & farmingHouseVoice voteSenateVoice vote
Sep 13, 1994Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994Government, justice & rightsHouse235–195 (235 yea, 195 nay)Senate61–38 (61 yea, 38 nay)
May 26, 1994Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994Health, education & cultureHouse241–174 (241 yea, 174 nay)Senate69–30 (69 yea, 30 nay)
Mar 31, 1994Goals 2000: Educate America ActHealth, education & cultureHouse306–121 (306 yea, 121 nay)Senate63–22 (63 yea, 22 nay)
Dec 8, 1993North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation ActEconomy, taxes & tradeHouse234–200 (234 yea, 200 nay)Senate61–38 (61 yea, 38 nay)
Nov 30, 1993Brady Handgun Violence Prevention ActGovernment, justice & rightsHouse238–187 (238 yea, 187 nay)SenateVoice vote
Sep 21, 1993National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993Economy, taxes & tradeHouse275–152 (275 yea, 152 nay)Senate57–40 (57 yea, 40 nay)
Aug 10, 1993Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993Economy, taxes & tradeHouse218–216 (218 yea, 216 nay)Senate51–50 (51 yea, 50 nay)
May 20, 1993National Voter Registration Act of 1993Government, justice & rightsHouse259–164 (259 yea, 164 nay)Senate62–36 (62 yea, 36 nay)
Feb 5, 1993Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993Economy, taxes & tradeHouseMethod not statedSenate71–27 (71 yea, 27 nay)

Data notes

Laws counted as important enactments, the same list the Laws page uses for its “Major law” badge, which explains where it comes from. The list does not yet cover a Congress still in session. Each summary is the first sentence of the Congressional Research Service summary, where one stands alone; votes are each chamber’s final-passage tally, or how it passed without a recorded vote.

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Laws page →

Economy

Misery index

The misery index (unemployment plus inflation) was 10.6 in January 1993 and 7.9 in January 2001, with a low of 5.7 in April 1998.

Misery index

Jan 1993 10.6 → Jan 2001 7.9

Unemployment and inflation

Jan 1993 7.3% → Jan 2001 4.2%

Unemployment rateInflation

Data notes

The misery index adds the unemployment rate to inflation (consumer prices, change from a year earlier) for the same month. Unemployment is the BLS rate, seasonally adjusted, from 1948; inflation is from the consumer price index, from 1948. The first reading is the month the president took office, the last the month the term ended. Both are national averages and are revised.

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Misery index
Period	Value
Jan 1993	10.6
Feb 1993	10.3
Mar 1993	10
Apr 1993	10.3
May 1993	10.3
Jun 1993	10
Jul 1993	9.7
Aug 1993	9.6
Sep 1993	9.5
Oct 1993	9.6
Nov 1993	9.3
Dec 1993	9.3
Jan 1994	9.1
Feb 1994	9.1
Mar 1994	9.2
Apr 1994	8.8
May 1994	8.4
Jun 1994	8.6
Jul 1994	8.8
Aug 1994	8.9
Sep 1994	8.9
Oct 1994	8.4
Nov 1994	8.2
Dec 1994	8.1
Jan 1995	8.5
Feb 1995	8.3
Mar 1995	8.2
Apr 1995	8.9
May 1995	8.7
Jun 1995	8.6
Jul 1995	8.5
Aug 1995	8.3
Sep 1995	8.1
Oct 1995	8.2
Nov 1995	8.2
Dec 1995	8.1
Jan 1996	8.4
Feb 1996	8.2
Mar 1996	8.3
Apr 1996	8.4
May 1996	8.4
Jun 1996	8.1
Jul 1996	8.4
Aug 1996	7.9
Sep 1996	8.2
Oct 1996	8.3
Nov 1996	8.7
Dec 1996	8.8
Jan 1997	8.3
Feb 1997	8.2
Mar 1997	8
Apr 1997	7.5
May 1997	7.1
Jun 1997	7.2
Jul 1997	7.1
Aug 1997	7.1
Sep 1997	7.1
Oct 1997	6.8
Nov 1997	6.5
Dec 1997	6.4
Jan 1998	6.2
Feb 1998	6
Mar 1998	6.1
Apr 1998	5.7
May 1998	6.1
Jun 1998	6.1
Jul 1998	6.2
Aug 1998	6.1
Sep 1998	6
Oct 1998	6
Nov 1998	5.9
Dec 1998	6
Jan 1999	6
Feb 1999	6.1
Mar 1999	5.9
Apr 1999	6.6
May 1999	6.3
Jun 1999	6.3
Jul 1999	6.4
Aug 1999	6.5
Sep 1999	6.8
Oct 1999	6.7
Nov 1999	6.7
Dec 1999	6.7
Jan 2000	6.8
Feb 2000	7.3
Mar 2000	7.8
Apr 2000	6.8
May 2000	7.1
Jun 2000	7.7
Jul 2000	7.6
Aug 2000	7.5
Sep 2000	7.4
Oct 2000	7.4
Nov 2000	7.3
Dec 2000	7.3
Jan 2001	7.9

Unemployment and inflation
Period	Unemployment rate	Inflation
Jan 1993	7.3%	3.3%
Feb 1993	7.1%	3.2%
Mar 1993	7%	3%
Apr 1993	7.1%	3.2%
May 1993	7.1%	3.2%
Jun 1993	7%	3%
Jul 1993	6.9%	2.8%
Aug 1993	6.8%	2.8%
Sep 1993	6.7%	2.8%
Oct 1993	6.8%	2.8%
Nov 1993	6.6%	2.7%
Dec 1993	6.5%	2.8%
Jan 1994	6.6%	2.5%
Feb 1994	6.6%	2.5%
Mar 1994	6.5%	2.7%
Apr 1994	6.4%	2.4%
May 1994	6.1%	2.3%
Jun 1994	6.1%	2.5%
Jul 1994	6.1%	2.7%
Aug 1994	6%	2.9%
Sep 1994	5.9%	3%
Oct 1994	5.8%	2.6%
Nov 1994	5.6%	2.6%
Dec 1994	5.5%	2.6%
Jan 1995	5.6%	2.9%
Feb 1995	5.4%	2.9%
Mar 1995	5.4%	2.8%
Apr 1995	5.8%	3.1%
May 1995	5.6%	3.1%
Jun 1995	5.6%	3%
Jul 1995	5.7%	2.8%
Aug 1995	5.7%	2.6%
Sep 1995	5.6%	2.5%
Oct 1995	5.5%	2.7%
Nov 1995	5.6%	2.6%
Dec 1995	5.6%	2.5%
Jan 1996	5.6%	2.8%
Feb 1996	5.5%	2.7%
Mar 1996	5.5%	2.8%
Apr 1996	5.6%	2.8%
May 1996	5.6%	2.8%
Jun 1996	5.3%	2.8%
Jul 1996	5.5%	2.9%
Aug 1996	5.1%	2.8%
Sep 1996	5.2%	3%
Oct 1996	5.2%	3.1%
Nov 1996	5.4%	3.3%
Dec 1996	5.4%	3.4%
Jan 1997	5.3%	3%
Feb 1997	5.2%	3%
Mar 1997	5.2%	2.8%
Apr 1997	5.1%	2.4%
May 1997	4.9%	2.2%
Jun 1997	5%	2.2%
Jul 1997	4.9%	2.2%
Aug 1997	4.8%	2.3%
Sep 1997	4.9%	2.2%
Oct 1997	4.7%	2.1%
Nov 1997	4.6%	1.9%
Dec 1997	4.7%	1.7%
Jan 1998	4.6%	1.6%
Feb 1998	4.6%	1.4%
Mar 1998	4.7%	1.4%
Apr 1998	4.3%	1.4%
May 1998	4.4%	1.7%
Jun 1998	4.5%	1.6%
Jul 1998	4.5%	1.7%
Aug 1998	4.5%	1.6%
Sep 1998	4.6%	1.4%
Oct 1998	4.5%	1.5%
Nov 1998	4.4%	1.5%
Dec 1998	4.4%	1.6%
Jan 1999	4.3%	1.7%
Feb 1999	4.4%	1.7%
Mar 1999	4.2%	1.7%
Apr 1999	4.3%	2.3%
May 1999	4.2%	2.1%
Jun 1999	4.3%	2%
Jul 1999	4.3%	2.1%
Aug 1999	4.2%	2.3%
Sep 1999	4.2%	2.6%
Oct 1999	4.1%	2.6%
Nov 1999	4.1%	2.6%
Dec 1999	4%	2.7%
Jan 2000	4%	2.8%
Feb 2000	4.1%	3.2%
Mar 2000	4%	3.8%
Apr 2000	3.8%	3%
May 2000	4%	3.1%
Jun 2000	4%	3.7%
Jul 2000	4%	3.6%
Aug 2000	4.1%	3.4%
Sep 2000	3.9%	3.5%
Oct 2000	3.9%	3.5%
Nov 2000	3.9%	3.4%
Dec 2000	3.9%	3.4%
Jan 2001	4.2%	3.7%

Economy →

Federal deficit and debt

The federal budget balance, as a share of GDP, was −3.7% in FY1993 and +2.3% in FY2000.

Budget balance, % of GDP

FY1993 −3.7% → FY2000 +2.3%

Public debt, % of GDP

Q1 1993 62.9% → Q1 2001 55.1%

Data notes

The budget balance is the federal surplus (above zero) or deficit (below) as a share of GDP, by fiscal year (July to June through 1976, October to September since); a year counts for the president in office for most of it, though its budget was usually passed the year before. Debt is total public debt as a share of GDP, quarterly from 1966, including debt the government holds in its own trust funds.

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Budget balance, % of GDP
Period	Value
FY1993	−3.7%
FY1994	−2.8%
FY1995	−2.1%
FY1996	−1.3%
FY1997	−0.3%
FY1998	+0.8%
FY1999	+1.3%
FY2000	+2.3%

Public debt, % of GDP
Period	Value
Q1 1993	62.9%
Q2 1993	63.9%
Q3 1993	64.1%
Q4 1993	64.7%
Q1 1994	64.3%
Q2 1994	64.1%
Q3 1994	64%
Q4 1994	64.4%
Q1 1995	64.7%
Q2 1995	65.3%
Q3 1995	64.7%
Q4 1995	64.2%
Q1 1996	65%
Q2 1996	64.2%
Q3 1996	64.3%
Q4 1996	64.4%
Q1 1997	64.3%
Q2 1997	63.1%
Q3 1997	62.5%
Q4 1997	62.8%
Q1 1998	62.5%
Q2 1998	61.9%
Q3 1998	60.6%
Q4 1998	60.4%
Q1 1999	60%
Q2 1999	59.2%
Q3 1999	58.4%
Q4 1999	58.3%
Q1 2000	57.7%
Q2 2000	55.5%
Q3 2000	55%
Q4 2000	54.3%
Q1 2001	55.1%

Economy →

Immigration

Green cards and refugees

New green cards numbered 904k in FY1993 and 841k in FY2000, with a high of 916k in FY1996.

Green cards

FY1993 904k → FY2000 841k

Refugee admissions

FY1993 119k → FY2000 73k

Data notes

Green cards are people who became lawful permanent residents in the fiscal year, from the DHS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (from FY1977). Refugee admissions are from the State Department’s Refugee Processing Center (from FY1980). A fiscal year counts for the administration in office for most of its days; a hatched bar is preliminary.

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Green cards
Period	Value
FY1993	903,920
FY1994	803,990
FY1995	720,180
FY1996	915,560
FY1997	797,850
FY1998	653,210
FY1999	644,787
FY2000	841,002

Refugee admissions
Period	Value
FY1993	119,448
FY1994	112,981
FY1995	99,974
FY1996	76,403
FY1997	70,488
FY1998	77,080
FY1999	85,525
FY2000	73,147

Immigration →

Removals and border encounters

Removals numbered 43k in FY1993 and 188k in FY2000.

Removals

FY1993 43k → FY2000 188k

Border encounters

FY1993 1.26M → FY2000 1.68M

Data notes

Removals are formal deportations: the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s through FY2002 (DHS Yearbook) and ICE’s own count from FY2003 (ICE); the two are not the same measure. Border encounters are Border Patrol apprehensions, plus port-of-entry inadmissibles from FY2004 and Title 42 expulsions in FY2020–23 (CBP); they count events, not people. A hatched bar is preliminary.

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Removals
Period	Value
FY1993	42,540
FY1994	45,670
FY1995	50,920
FY1996	69,680
FY1997	114,430
FY1998	174,810
FY1999	183,110
FY2000	188,470

Border encounters
Period	Value
FY1993	1,263,490
FY1994	1,031,668
FY1995	1,324,202
FY1996	1,549,876
FY1997	1,412,953
FY1998	1,555,776
FY1999	1,579,010
FY2000	1,676,438

Immigration →

The U.S. and the world

Goods trade balance

The monthly goods trade balance was −$7.9B in January 1993 and −$39.6B in January 2001.

Goods balance, $B a month

Jan 1993 −$7.9B → Jan 2001 −$39.6B

Data notes

The goods trade balance is exports minus imports of goods, in billions of dollars a month, seasonally adjusted, on the Census basis, from 1991 (Census Bureau). Below zero the U.S. imported more goods than it exported. Services are not included. Dollars are not adjusted for inflation, so later years run larger.

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Goods balance, $B a month
Period	Value
Jan 1993	−$7.9B
Feb 1993	−$8B
Mar 1993	−$9.9B
Apr 1993	−$9.9B
May 1993	−$8.3B
Jun 1993	−$11.3B
Jul 1993	−$10.7B
Aug 1993	−$10.1B
Sep 1993	−$10.7B
Oct 1993	−$10.8B
Nov 1993	−$9.9B
Dec 1993	−$8.1B
Jan 1994	−$10.2B
Feb 1994	−$12.1B
Mar 1994	−$9.8B
Apr 1994	−$11.7B
May 1994	−$12.5B
Jun 1994	−$12.9B
Jul 1994	−$14.1B
Aug 1994	−$13B
Sep 1994	−$13.6B
Oct 1994	−$13.7B
Nov 1994	−$14.7B
Dec 1994	−$12.3B
Jan 1995	−$14.2B
Feb 1995	−$13.2B
Mar 1995	−$13.1B
Apr 1995	−$14.9B
May 1995	−$13.9B
Jun 1995	−$14.4B
Jul 1995	−$14.4B
Aug 1995	−$12.7B
Sep 1995	−$12.2B
Oct 1995	−$11.9B
Nov 1995	−$11.9B
Dec 1995	−$11.9B
Jan 1996	−$13.6B
Feb 1996	−$11.9B
Mar 1996	−$12.9B
Apr 1996	−$13.1B
May 1996	−$14.5B
Jun 1996	−$14B
Jul 1996	−$14.9B
Aug 1996	−$14.8B
Sep 1996	−$15.8B
Oct 1996	−$13.9B
Nov 1996	−$14.2B
Dec 1996	−$16.6B
Jan 1997	−$16.9B
Feb 1997	−$15.1B
Mar 1997	−$13.1B
Apr 1997	−$13.9B
May 1997	−$14.6B
Jun 1997	−$13.4B
Jul 1997	−$13.7B
Aug 1997	−$15.4B
Sep 1997	−$15.8B
Oct 1997	−$15.9B
Nov 1997	−$15.9B
Dec 1997	−$16.8B
Jan 1998	−$16.2B
Feb 1998	−$16.7B
Mar 1998	−$18.6B
Apr 1998	−$20.3B
May 1998	−$20.5B
Jun 1998	−$18.8B
Jul 1998	−$19.1B
Aug 1998	−$20.6B
Sep 1998	−$19.8B
Oct 1998	−$19.7B
Nov 1998	−$19.5B
Dec 1998	−$19.9B
Jan 1999	−$21.5B
Feb 1999	−$24.3B
Mar 1999	−$23.8B
Apr 1999	−$24.3B
May 1999	−$26.7B
Jun 1999	−$29.4B
Jul 1999	−$29.9B
Aug 1999	−$29.1B
Sep 1999	−$28.5B
Oct 1999	−$29.9B
Nov 1999	−$30.8B
Dec 1999	−$30.6B
Jan 2000	−$31.4B
Feb 2000	−$33.5B
Mar 2000	−$36B
Apr 2000	−$35.4B
May 2000	−$36B
Jun 2000	−$37B
Jul 2000	−$37.6B
Aug 2000	−$35.9B
Sep 2000	−$38.8B
Oct 2000	−$39.2B
Nov 2000	−$37.3B
Dec 2000	−$37.9B
Jan 2001	−$39.6B

Trade →

Security and energy

Troops abroad

Troops stationed abroad numbered 257k in September 1993 and 258k in September 2000, with a high of 260k in September 1998. Germany hosted the most in 8 of those years.

Active-duty troops abroad

Sep 1993 257k → Sep 2000 258k

Data notes

Active-duty U.S. military personnel stationed outside the United States and its territories (afloat and unassigned included where the source reports them), one snapshot a year (September; June for 1953–56), from the Defense Manpower Data Center’s tables and, for years it did not publish, troopdata. The year in progress shows its latest quarter, hatched. From December 2017 DMDC counts permanent assignments only, so later figures leave out most deployed forces.

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Active-duty troops abroad
Period	Value
Sep 1993	256,939
Sep 1994	250,091
Sep 1995	207,973
Sep 1996	240,731
Sep 1997	207,662
Sep 1998	260,091
Sep 1999	253,010
Sep 2000	258,071

Troops abroad →

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The reserve held 575M bbl on Jan 22, 1993 and 541M bbl on Jan 19, 2001, with a high of 592M bbl on Aug 4, 1995.

Reserve level, million barrels

Jan 22, 1993 575M bbl → Jan 19, 2001 541M bbl

Data notes

Crude oil held in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve at the end of each week, in millions of barrels, from the Energy Information Administration (from August 1982). Sales, exchanges and refills are authorized by Congress and the executive branch at different times, and many take months to carry out. The Energy page marks each action.

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Reserve level, million barrels
Period	Value
Jan 22, 1993	575M bbl
Jan 29, 1993	575M bbl
Feb 5, 1993	575M bbl
Feb 12, 1993	575M bbl
Feb 19, 1993	576M bbl
Feb 26, 1993	576M bbl
Mar 5, 1993	576M bbl
Mar 12, 1993	576M bbl
Mar 19, 1993	577M bbl
Mar 26, 1993	577M bbl
Apr 2, 1993	578M bbl
Apr 9, 1993	579M bbl
Apr 16, 1993	579M bbl
Apr 23, 1993	580M bbl
Apr 30, 1993	581M bbl
May 7, 1993	582M bbl
May 14, 1993	582M bbl
May 21, 1993	582M bbl
May 28, 1993	582M bbl
Jun 4, 1993	582M bbl
Jun 11, 1993	582M bbl
Jun 18, 1993	582M bbl
Jun 25, 1993	582M bbl
Jul 2, 1993	583M bbl
Jul 9, 1993	583M bbl
Jul 16, 1993	583M bbl
Jul 23, 1993	583M bbl
Jul 30, 1993	583M bbl
Aug 6, 1993	583M bbl
Aug 13, 1993	584M bbl
Aug 20, 1993	584M bbl
Aug 27, 1993	584M bbl
Sep 3, 1993	584M bbl
Sep 10, 1993	584M bbl
Sep 17, 1993	585M bbl
Sep 24, 1993	586M bbl
Oct 1, 1993	586M bbl
Oct 8, 1993	586M bbl
Oct 15, 1993	586M bbl
Oct 22, 1993	586M bbl
Oct 29, 1993	586M bbl
Nov 5, 1993	586M bbl
Nov 12, 1993	586M bbl
Nov 19, 1993	587M bbl
Nov 26, 1993	587M bbl
Dec 3, 1993	587M bbl
Dec 10, 1993	587M bbl
Dec 17, 1993	587M bbl
Dec 24, 1993	587M bbl
Dec 31, 1993	587M bbl
Jan 7, 1994	587M bbl
Jan 14, 1994	587M bbl
Jan 21, 1994	587M bbl
Jan 28, 1994	587M bbl
Feb 4, 1994	587M bbl
Feb 11, 1994	587M bbl
Feb 18, 1994	587M bbl
Feb 25, 1994	587M bbl
Mar 4, 1994	587M bbl
Mar 11, 1994	587M bbl
Mar 18, 1994	589M bbl
Mar 25, 1994	589M bbl
Apr 1, 1994	589M bbl
Apr 8, 1994	590M bbl
Apr 15, 1994	591M bbl
Apr 22, 1994	591M bbl
Apr 29, 1994	591M bbl
May 6, 1994	591M bbl
May 13, 1994	591M bbl
May 20, 1994	591M bbl
May 27, 1994	591M bbl
Jun 3, 1994	591M bbl
Jun 10, 1994	591M bbl
Jun 17, 1994	591M bbl
Jun 24, 1994	591M bbl
Jul 1, 1994	591M bbl
Jul 8, 1994	592M bbl
Jul 15, 1994	592M bbl
Jul 22, 1994	592M bbl
Jul 29, 1994	592M bbl
Aug 5, 1994	592M bbl
Aug 12, 1994	592M bbl
Aug 19, 1994	592M bbl
Aug 26, 1994	592M bbl
Sep 2, 1994	592M bbl
Sep 9, 1994	592M bbl
Sep 16, 1994	592M bbl
Sep 23, 1994	592M bbl
Sep 30, 1994	592M bbl
Oct 7, 1994	592M bbl
Oct 14, 1994	592M bbl
Oct 21, 1994	592M bbl
Oct 28, 1994	592M bbl
Nov 4, 1994	592M bbl
Nov 11, 1994	592M bbl
Nov 18, 1994	592M bbl
Nov 25, 1994	592M bbl
Dec 2, 1994	592M bbl
Dec 9, 1994	592M bbl
Dec 16, 1994	592M bbl
Dec 23, 1994	592M bbl
Dec 30, 1994	592M bbl
Jan 6, 1995	592M bbl
Jan 13, 1995	592M bbl
Jan 20, 1995	592M bbl
Jan 27, 1995	592M bbl
Feb 3, 1995	592M bbl
Feb 10, 1995	592M bbl
Feb 17, 1995	592M bbl
Feb 24, 1995	592M bbl
Mar 3, 1995	592M bbl
Mar 10, 1995	592M bbl
Mar 17, 1995	592M bbl
Mar 24, 1995	592M bbl
Mar 31, 1995	592M bbl
Apr 7, 1995	592M bbl
Apr 14, 1995	592M bbl
Apr 21, 1995	592M bbl
Apr 28, 1995	592M bbl
May 5, 1995	592M bbl
May 12, 1995	592M bbl
May 19, 1995	592M bbl
May 26, 1995	592M bbl
Jun 2, 1995	592M bbl
Jun 9, 1995	592M bbl
Jun 16, 1995	592M bbl
Jun 23, 1995	592M bbl
Jun 30, 1995	592M bbl
Jul 7, 1995	592M bbl
Jul 14, 1995	592M bbl
Jul 21, 1995	592M bbl
Jul 28, 1995	592M bbl
Aug 4, 1995	592M bbl
Aug 11, 1995	592M bbl
Aug 18, 1995	592M bbl
Aug 25, 1995	592M bbl
Sep 1, 1995	592M bbl
Sep 8, 1995	592M bbl
Sep 15, 1995	592M bbl
Sep 22, 1995	592M bbl
Sep 29, 1995	592M bbl
Oct 6, 1995	592M bbl
Oct 13, 1995	592M bbl
Oct 20, 1995	592M bbl
Oct 27, 1995	592M bbl
Nov 3, 1995	592M bbl
Nov 10, 1995	592M bbl
Nov 17, 1995	592M bbl
Nov 24, 1995	592M bbl
Dec 1, 1995	592M bbl
Dec 8, 1995	592M bbl
Dec 15, 1995	592M bbl
Dec 22, 1995	592M bbl
Dec 29, 1995	592M bbl
Jan 5, 1996	592M bbl
Jan 12, 1996	592M bbl
Jan 19, 1996	592M bbl
Jan 26, 1996	592M bbl
Feb 2, 1996	592M bbl
Feb 9, 1996	592M bbl
Feb 16, 1996	592M bbl
Feb 23, 1996	592M bbl
Mar 1, 1996	592M bbl
Mar 8, 1996	592M bbl
Mar 15, 1996	592M bbl
Mar 22, 1996	592M bbl
Mar 29, 1996	589M bbl
Apr 5, 1996	589M bbl
Apr 12, 1996	588M bbl
Apr 19, 1996	587M bbl
Apr 26, 1996	586M bbl
May 3, 1996	586M bbl
May 10, 1996	586M bbl
May 17, 1996	586M bbl
May 24, 1996	586M bbl
May 31, 1996	586M bbl
Jun 7, 1996	586M bbl
Jun 14, 1996	586M bbl
Jun 21, 1996	584M bbl
Jun 28, 1996	584M bbl
Jul 5, 1996	584M bbl
Jul 12, 1996	584M bbl
Jul 19, 1996	584M bbl
Jul 26, 1996	583M bbl
Aug 2, 1996	583M bbl
Aug 9, 1996	581M bbl
Aug 16, 1996	581M bbl
Aug 23, 1996	580M bbl
Aug 30, 1996	579M bbl
Sep 6, 1996	578M bbl
Sep 13, 1996	576M bbl
Sep 20, 1996	576M bbl
Sep 27, 1996	574M bbl
Oct 4, 1996	574M bbl
Oct 11, 1996	574M bbl
Oct 18, 1996	574M bbl
Oct 25, 1996	574M bbl
Nov 1, 1996	574M bbl
Nov 8, 1996	574M bbl
Nov 15, 1996	573M bbl
Nov 22, 1996	572M bbl
Nov 29, 1996	571M bbl
Dec 6, 1996	570M bbl
Dec 13, 1996	570M bbl
Dec 20, 1996	568M bbl
Dec 27, 1996	567M bbl
Jan 3, 1997	567M bbl
Jan 10, 1997	566M bbl
Jan 17, 1997	565M bbl
Jan 24, 1997	565M bbl
Jan 31, 1997	564M bbl
Feb 7, 1997	563M bbl
Feb 14, 1997	563M bbl
Feb 21, 1997	563M bbl
Feb 28, 1997	563M bbl
Mar 7, 1997	563M bbl
Mar 14, 1997	563M bbl
Mar 21, 1997	563M bbl
Mar 28, 1997	563M bbl
Apr 4, 1997	563M bbl
Apr 11, 1997	563M bbl
Apr 18, 1997	563M bbl
Apr 25, 1997	563M bbl
May 2, 1997	563M bbl
May 9, 1997	563M bbl
May 16, 1997	563M bbl
May 23, 1997	563M bbl
May 30, 1997	563M bbl
Jun 6, 1997	563M bbl
Jun 13, 1997	563M bbl
Jun 20, 1997	563M bbl
Jun 27, 1997	563M bbl
Jul 4, 1997	563M bbl
Jul 11, 1997	563M bbl
Jul 18, 1997	563M bbl
Jul 25, 1997	563M bbl
Aug 1, 1997	563M bbl
Aug 8, 1997	563M bbl
Aug 15, 1997	563M bbl
Aug 22, 1997	563M bbl
Aug 29, 1997	563M bbl
Sep 5, 1997	563M bbl
Sep 12, 1997	563M bbl
Sep 19, 1997	563M bbl
Sep 26, 1997	563M bbl
Oct 3, 1997	563M bbl
Oct 10, 1997	563M bbl
Oct 17, 1997	563M bbl
Oct 24, 1997	563M bbl
Oct 31, 1997	563M bbl
Nov 7, 1997	563M bbl
Nov 14, 1997	563M bbl
Nov 21, 1997	563M bbl
Nov 28, 1997	563M bbl
Dec 5, 1997	563M bbl
Dec 12, 1997	563M bbl
Dec 19, 1997	563M bbl
Dec 26, 1997	563M bbl
Jan 2, 1998	563M bbl
Jan 9, 1998	563M bbl
Jan 16, 1998	563M bbl
Jan 23, 1998	563M bbl
Jan 30, 1998	563M bbl
Feb 6, 1998	563M bbl
Feb 13, 1998	563M bbl
Feb 20, 1998	563M bbl
Feb 27, 1998	563M bbl
Mar 6, 1998	563M bbl
Mar 13, 1998	563M bbl
Mar 20, 1998	563M bbl
Mar 27, 1998	563M bbl
Apr 3, 1998	563M bbl
Apr 10, 1998	563M bbl
Apr 17, 1998	563M bbl
Apr 24, 1998	563M bbl
May 1, 1998	563M bbl
May 8, 1998	563M bbl
May 15, 1998	563M bbl
May 22, 1998	563M bbl
May 29, 1998	563M bbl
Jun 5, 1998	563M bbl
Jun 12, 1998	563M bbl
Jun 19, 1998	563M bbl
Jun 26, 1998	563M bbl
Jul 3, 1998	563M bbl
Jul 10, 1998	563M bbl
Jul 17, 1998	563M bbl
Jul 24, 1998	563M bbl
Jul 31, 1998	563M bbl
Aug 7, 1998	563M bbl
Aug 14, 1998	563M bbl
Aug 21, 1998	563M bbl
Aug 28, 1998	563M bbl
Sep 4, 1998	563M bbl
Sep 11, 1998	563M bbl
Sep 18, 1998	563M bbl
Sep 25, 1998	563M bbl
Oct 2, 1998	563M bbl
Oct 9, 1998	563M bbl
Oct 16, 1998	563M bbl
Oct 23, 1998	563M bbl
Oct 30, 1998	563M bbl
Nov 6, 1998	563M bbl
Nov 13, 1998	564M bbl
Nov 20, 1998	564M bbl
Nov 27, 1998	564M bbl
Dec 4, 1998	564M bbl
Dec 11, 1998	564M bbl
Dec 18, 1998	569M bbl
Dec 25, 1998	569M bbl
Jan 1, 1999	569M bbl
Jan 8, 1999	569M bbl
Jan 15, 1999	569M bbl
Jan 22, 1999	571M bbl
Jan 29, 1999	571M bbl
Feb 5, 1999	571M bbl
Feb 12, 1999	572M bbl
Feb 19, 1999	572M bbl
Feb 26, 1999	572M bbl
Mar 5, 1999	572M bbl
Mar 12, 1999	572M bbl
Mar 19, 1999	572M bbl
Mar 26, 1999	572M bbl
Apr 2, 1999	572M bbl
Apr 9, 1999	572M bbl
Apr 16, 1999	572M bbl
Apr 23, 1999	572M bbl
Apr 30, 1999	572M bbl
May 7, 1999	572M bbl
May 14, 1999	572M bbl
May 21, 1999	572M bbl
May 28, 1999	572M bbl
Jun 4, 1999	572M bbl
Jun 11, 1999	574M bbl
Jun 18, 1999	574M bbl
Jun 25, 1999	574M bbl
Jul 2, 1999	574M bbl
Jul 9, 1999	574M bbl
Jul 16, 1999	575M bbl
Jul 23, 1999	575M bbl
Jul 30, 1999	575M bbl
Aug 6, 1999	575M bbl
Aug 13, 1999	576M bbl
Aug 20, 1999	576M bbl
Aug 27, 1999	576M bbl
Sep 3, 1999	576M bbl
Sep 10, 1999	576M bbl
Sep 17, 1999	575M bbl
Sep 24, 1999	575M bbl
Oct 1, 1999	575M bbl
Oct 8, 1999	575M bbl
Oct 15, 1999	575M bbl
Oct 22, 1999	575M bbl
Oct 29, 1999	575M bbl
Nov 5, 1999	573M bbl
Nov 12, 1999	573M bbl
Nov 19, 1999	571M bbl
Nov 26, 1999	570M bbl
Dec 3, 1999	569M bbl
Dec 10, 1999	568M bbl
Dec 17, 1999	568M bbl
Dec 24, 1999	568M bbl
Dec 31, 1999	568M bbl
Jan 7, 2000	567M bbl
Jan 14, 2000	568M bbl
Jan 21, 2000	568M bbl
Jan 28, 2000	568M bbl
Feb 4, 2000	569M bbl
Feb 11, 2000	569M bbl
Feb 18, 2000	569M bbl
Feb 25, 2000	569M bbl
Mar 3, 2000	569M bbl
Mar 10, 2000	569M bbl
Mar 17, 2000	569M bbl
Mar 24, 2000	569M bbl
Mar 31, 2000	569M bbl
Apr 7, 2000	569M bbl
Apr 14, 2000	569M bbl
Apr 21, 2000	569M bbl
Apr 28, 2000	569M bbl
May 5, 2000	569M bbl
May 12, 2000	569M bbl
May 19, 2000	569M bbl
May 26, 2000	569M bbl
Jun 2, 2000	569M bbl
Jun 9, 2000	569M bbl
Jun 16, 2000	569M bbl
Jun 23, 2000	568M bbl
Jun 30, 2000	568M bbl
Jul 7, 2000	569M bbl
Jul 14, 2000	569M bbl
Jul 21, 2000	569M bbl
Jul 28, 2000	569M bbl
Aug 4, 2000	570M bbl
Aug 11, 2000	571M bbl
Aug 18, 2000	571M bbl
Aug 25, 2000	571M bbl
Sep 1, 2000	571M bbl
Sep 8, 2000	571M bbl
Sep 15, 2000	571M bbl
Sep 22, 2000	571M bbl
Sep 29, 2000	571M bbl
Oct 6, 2000	570M bbl
Oct 13, 2000	571M bbl
Oct 20, 2000	571M bbl
Oct 27, 2000	568M bbl
Nov 3, 2000	566M bbl
Nov 10, 2000	564M bbl
Nov 17, 2000	560M bbl
Nov 24, 2000	554M bbl
Dec 1, 2000	553M bbl
Dec 8, 2000	548M bbl
Dec 15, 2000	543M bbl
Dec 22, 2000	542M bbl
Dec 29, 2000	541M bbl
Jan 5, 2001	541M bbl
Jan 12, 2001	541M bbl
Jan 19, 2001	541M bbl

Energy →

Source: the site’s Presidency, Congress and Supreme Court data, each named in its card’s Data notes; party control of Congress from the House and Senate historians; appointments from the Federal Judicial Center. Portrait: public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Built October 19, 2026.