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Presidency · Energy

How Has U.S. Energy Changed?

Where U.S. electricity comes from, how much oil the country produces, uses and trades, how much natural gas it ships abroad, and what is left in the emergency oil reserve, since 1991. Energy costs feed into nearly every other price, and the marked dates show where presidents, Congress and agencies stepped in.

How to read this

The colored bar under each chart shows who was president, the gray columns mark recessions, and the marked dates are executive, congressional and agency actions. These are conditions during each term, not a score of what any one official caused.

The cards are not equally tied to Washington. The reserve’s level is closest to a presidential decision, and even it is shared: presidents authorize releases and exchanges, Congress mandates sales and funds refills. Oil production, imports, exports and LNG exports are shaped by policy but mostly move with markets and technology, and enabling rules often came years before the trade did, so a mark there reads “enabled, not caused.” Products supplied and the electricity mix are context.

Monthly figures are not seasonally adjusted. The hatched stretch at the right of a chart is preliminary. Figures are as of October 13, 2026; marked actions were last reviewed Oct 6, 2026.

Where U.S. electricity comes from

Coal supplied 48% to 53% of utility-scale electricity every year from 1991 through 2008. Natural gas led every year from 2016 through 2025, peaking at 43% in 2024, while wind and solar grew from under 1% through 2007 to 17% in 2025.

Gas 41%
June 2026 (preliminary)Trump (R)

Tap or drag the chart to pin a month.

Share of utility-scale net generation, percent025%50%75%100%CoalNatural gasNuclearHydroWindSmall-scale solar (estimated, from January 2014; not in the stack above), terawatthours per month051015Estimates begin in January 201419911995200020052010201520202025George H. W. Bush, 1989 to 1993. Click to show only these years.Bush 41Bill Clinton, 1993 to 2001. Click to show only these years.ClintonGeorge W. Bush, 2001 to 2009. Click to show only these years.Bush 43Barack Obama, 2009 to 2017. Click to show only these years.ObamaDonald Trump, 2017 to 2021. Click to show only these years.TrumpJoe Biden, 2021 to 2025. Click to show only these years.BidenDonald Trump, 2025 to present. Click to show only these years.Trump20012008–09Aug 16, 2022 · Congress · Inflation Reduction Act enactedApr 8, 2025 · Executive · Executive order on the coal industryJul 4, 2025 · Congress · Reconciliation law ends wind and solar creditsJul 2026: 10.9 TWhJan 2014: 0.6 TWh
Small-scale solar (estimated)Preliminary, may be revisedPolicy actionRecession (NBER)
Data notes

Energy Information Administration net generation by source, monthly, all sectors, utility-scale only: each fuel’s share of the total or its amount. Small-scale solar such as rooftop panels is estimated separately from 2014 and drawn on its own line (about a quarter of all solar in 2025), so solar and the total are understated from then. “Other” is the total minus the six named fuels (petroleum, biomass, geothermal, waste, pumped storage, other gases). The hatched stretch is the current and previous calendar year, preliminary until EIA’s annual figures. The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act and 2025 reconciliation flags mark when Congress acted, not any month’s mix.

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Utility-scale net generation by source and estimated small-scale solar, million kilowatthours (equal to thousand megawatthours), by month
MonthCoalNatural gasNuclearHydroWindSolar (utility-scale)OtherTotalSmall-scale solar (est.)Status
June 20265629016323768786237254188838923682239967110724Preliminary, may be revised
May 20264511913727165001227384115736418698635469110728Preliminary, may be revised
April 2026397771244495737322494491363110463733307079808Preliminary, may be revised
March 2026441321273756209626922522192900070133487568953Preliminary, may be revised
February 2026558591320896238422462397072130589943428016433Preliminary, may be revised
January 20267250315163073251279094443417985118183995296051Preliminary, may be revised
December 2025668711480277252123920470481539284143821945569Preliminary, may be revised
November 2025544901315656380918415409571859271583349865987Preliminary, may be revised
October 2025540191439855922216545395342460573443452537589Preliminary, may be revised
September 2025583021678766545815285256732814974033681458176Preliminary, may be revised
August 2025697281928947070520098273073180977014202429319Preliminary, may be revised
July 2025802602019917078119982318103342480714463209857Preliminary, may be revised
June 2025645021647936622222159357763203477983932859423Preliminary, may be revised
May 2025487781350726214524356368732974670643440349306Preliminary, may be revised
April 2025455261146425789322839458762678169213204788758Preliminary, may be revised
March 2025492151181186245722451505912323875593336297961Preliminary, may be revised
February 2025623061313746182919543393461644877463385925805Preliminary, may be revised
January 2025831531570017173921431436001545499684023455397Preliminary, may be revised
December 2024628001476307120019533395271260180003612924984Final
November 2024449241376876190416723401331384171383223515393Final
October 2024468901467115877315352395921982868353339806736Final
September 2024545591696716266015911291782053868793593977511Final
August 2024687602029156976020491292902432875824231278412Final
July 2024715652059596985121384283042448477704293178778Final
June 2024613391691566819222397386612445974283916328553Final
May 2024458121439936497324477392562237176023484858539Final
April 2024372461215325754220916470881924172153107807832Final
March 2024385051311376334623363451021601974663249387113Final
February 2024441371318456458420795409821254073323222145342Final
January 202475618161667690802155434791958388303811224726Final
December 202356365148029688541902838038911383053477324494Final
November 2023512091355316225817026364451044678693207854938Final
October 2023509331408256143615673360201412177123267186076Final
September 2023599591663116556016916283531558378083604906604Final
August 2023781121992216974421293283941774483974229057504Final
July 2023789031995226988821978280051889482664254557720Final
June 2023577721619816481921572275471783477093592347405Final
May 2023438041373946115527651322271728179623274747543Final
April 2023402331200125666219820427461506273703019036742Final
March 2023500961336996282021331435841221379613317046005Final
February 202346374125036608071996141424943578853109224387Final
January 202361357138503708702275438358780683023479503989Final
December 2022733811407166909420430386806777111803602573698Final
November 202256377127523620411789841199840383393217804035Final
October 2022542281334925894514367327451194282303139495022Final
September 2022649981569486373317026273311328683323516555544Final
August 2022852151888606889721133247181450288084121336194Final
July 2022864151890426885724567294751576588534229756438Final
June 2022734631555176571525988337681605286313791346229Final
May 2022625321270916338223359421241512085773421846236Final
April 2022553291055065529020066461671340282353039945671Final
March 2022610191124776315424436430311169487203245305121Final
February 202270966114945618522132137645902785553243113717Final
January 2022875881349487057724198374167822112183737663376Final
December 202160025127586707202356239849609192713371042970Final
November 202157426122433627491937335751779587813143103259Final
October 202162572131852584011713332215926887613202023821Final
September 2021788771382146452017022289981121488983477444370Final
August 20211018551727166947120328270711196794574128654924Final
July 20211015371701896883222098217161219290624056245192Final
June 2021872651493766607023454266721219788243738565107Final
May 2021638731146766339423309337871245786863201815063Final
April 2021539561074165709219389361581089284052933084610Final
March 202161904107019637082122039205929690443113974158Final
February 202187471111183629542013726716633091103239002939Final
January 202181240126530717322456030060555995283492102750Final
December 202078588127863698712150832011509195923445232489Final
November 202061182109811617602089333129576788613014032687Final
October 202059805131413593621881028823708584063137033310Final
September 202068407141397657271867923186773283643334933722Final
August 202091145173644689822328423029931591353985364199Final
July 2020897091815686938526742228661061089914098714405Final
June 202065283143055672052799930212965485583519674269Final
May 202046527117186643382997628378965387803048374267Final
April 202040675110564591702319429752792185702798463816Final
March 202050731126187639972382329320635094633098703424Final
February 202056201128018659112586829110556190283196982623Final
January 202065140136084741702449828121445995483420192313Final
December 201972581131973730742147826644345393333385362047Final
November 201975549117959641252021825184436484983158972228Final
October 201966777131113620331830627625609385713205182833Final
September 201985707149938660641852624513681791953607603205Final
August 2019940401752707191122579199787877100784017323611Final
July 20191007711722827219924875221018133100054103653760Final
June 201978540138087688052807822446797193133532393604Final
May 201971885117297671243198225779716294333306613549Final
April 201959922104349605812782028915675286132969533245Final
March 201978352116059650802633425773589994083269032914Final
February 201979929112397647152288122623383689013152822059Final
January 20191009051218087370124798243013580106363597291903Final
December 20181003191099557165722797243063110101483422921775Final
November 201892819108265639542191322016374397573224661905Final
October 201887264123280593971954821194497094173250702392Final
September 201896544142085647251916618520596195583565582674Final
August 20181151291620017228222017198466695103814083523017Final
July 20181153761650757245625100164476755104084116173146Final
June 20181015031310866968827597247037415101533721453059Final
May 201885227115565673203044423953684998703392283011Final
April 20187334698672591332811526431605793033010572740Final
March 201880626106742670332586126464505699843217652434Final
February 20188205098675647902490223189389695543070581766Final
January 20181192841104427464925064255993319150223733791619Final
December 20171065451115537370022248222013035112823505631472Final
November 20179098695072666181988822615320998003081891561Final
October 201789776106895659951769824369465093493187311990Final
September 201798202118132680981915217912505994493360042225Final
August 20171194881413087238422034138795369103763848372480Final
July 20171276981470427131426598161205569101964045372555Final
June 2017107508117351670113057520142611599273586302487Final
May 20179277798074613133260723068578598713234942423Final
April 20178133588562567432940925378490791262954622195Final
March 20178936595214650932961325731451499393194691972Final
February 20178682282837635602388222091275191692911131384Final
January 2017115333956617312126628207992324105493444141246Final
December 2016118747964167166222528231462424104673453891167Final
November 201686940939516517918808194062767100142970651257Final
October 201699194102898607331733920335319192493129401552Final
September 2016114138125683654481636816404363598843515601735Final
August 20161356351549267152619570135893969106464098611942Final
July 20161363161517167034921455176183945106434120432000Final
June 20161160341315236717523237163033473101573679041928Final
May 2016816951105196657625486188483425103183168671879Final
April 20167211398974627322587820799288096112929871703Final
March 2016721731039336614927390219392617102263044271525Final
February 201692705986886563824139201382242102663138161145Final
January 2016113459110044725252561518466148611119352714980Final
December 201589495109892696342316620098157010681324536914Final
November 201587227102369602641933819682173010170300779982Final
October 201596759110110605711663016380191098513122101198Final
September 20151179861231116647616094139722217103353501901330Final
August 20151346701392167241519122130802688110503922421468Final
July 20151391001412417141221014136752627114654005351487Final
June 20151256731215686851620414134212558103433624931408Final
May 20151045851016256582720125171512504103723221891394Final
April 20158898992856597842247117867237998312941771264Final
March 2015108488995506454724281153082072100683243141134Final
February 201512697791440634612228614922148414026334596816Final
January 2015132451101691742702413815162115511585360453746Final
December 201412462091040733632232914711103210858337953766Final
November 20141191278435665140186251886713809996317491792Final
October 20141112969768562391171591450817179762314518965Final
September 20141261101065846753516074115201832102283398831046Final
August 20141484521223507112919807101711879105493843371139Final
July 20141496271150837194024357121871788107923857751149Final
June 2014137577984706813825744157991923101893578401101Final
May 201411878689121629472654415601175099703247191092Final
April 20141092817678556385254401863614879616297628988Final
March 201413644378154623972425717736131711517331821907Final
February 20141432947594562639173961400983510229324347664Final
January 20141570979106273163216341791175115633377251624Final
December 20131418609293671294211281396785010986353021—Final
November 20131209408428764975176771580382410033314540—Final
October 20131209968858763184171991363598810337314925—Final
September 201313311010206365799169611167494910384340941—Final
August 20131494261211567134421633963494411148385286—Final
July 201315286712077170539272551109482911492394846—Final
June 20131382839961566430273841374887110492356823—Final
May 20131195138381662848284501623975310538322156—Final
April 2013111835780365676725097174766679455299333—Final
March 20131306348472562947205341575661910183325399—Final
February 2013123547802836148320418140764339488309728—Final
January 20131381058855971406248291473931011021348967—Final
December 20121340798398968584229841452434910126334635—Final
November 2012128727801695671318733116483479637305976—Final
October 2012120999917255974316502126364319615311652—Final
September 2012125589108012645111760487904589622334586—Final
August 20121521811317366960223034846946110216395700—Final
July 20121604501388636912926491882351010375414641—Final
June 20121312611155986514026658119725279670360825—Final
May 20121159831073526208128641125404639456336516—Final
April 201296285948295587126295127093198921295229—Final
March 2012105526922516172925907140272319420309090—Final
February 2012113872906106384720284110521359590309389—Final
January 2012129091907617238123107136319510460339526—Final
December 20111329298612271837237321065612110344335740—Final
November 2011121463754416447420681124391079498304102—Final
October 2011126627788196333719787105251599444308699—Final
September 201114094191739668492137868691869970337931—Final
August 20111712811198567133925764747422910570406511—Final
July 20111765861196247234531285748919111174418693—Final
June 20111580559069165270321511098522310352367727—Final
May 2011137102752435701332587117721919721323628—Final
April 2011124488700295454731194124221649556302401—Final
March 20111348456594765662311341054512210455318710—Final
February 201113831165924647892413110452859434313127—Final
January 201117080374254727432553185504010951362872—Final
December 201016725877573736832316990594411332362119—Final
November 20101351856922762655195629748779557306010—Final
October 20101322707773862751176837944759459307921—Final
September 2010148746930046937117265710613810416346045—Final
August 20101777451211517157420119668615611452408884—Final
July 20101796001146247191324517672416112185409725—Final
June 2010165491922686830129854804917611619375759—Final
May 2010143272736656665825079869815310410327936—Final
April 201012695264644576111909797641129620287800—Final
March 201014440663431646352088685897610146312168—Final
February 20101530446619865245205905432339193319735—Final
January 201017332074173725692238368541011648360957—Final
December 200916643471590707102473069062110116350507—Final
November 20091368106328559069210086875409547296635—Final
October 20091399567260358021196916814689888307040—Final
September 200913714592127657521735946519510273327401—Final
August 20091632601092407224519580546411611316381221—Final
July 20091582341018947294923385495512111005372542—Final
June 2009148087842056973529233559910310695347658—Final
May 2009131673681466539529560626211010160311306—Final
April 20091259356115959408257707458999708289537—Final
March 200913553068203672412182770997810625310603—Final
February 20091409166213964227178125852309911300887—Final
January 20091719256639074102234905951713127354993—Final
December 200816778664364729312086166161911321343898—Final
November 200815428161454634081566849942910212310046—Final
October 200815184173283628201547047566010316318547—Final
September 200816135679136670541617831119311128338056—Final
August 2008180576996737261721229326410511521388987—Final
July 20081867331003217431825555400811111853402900—Final
June 2008171043846207031929177514012812680373109—Final
May 200815491662270648262722153409910572325245—Final
April 200814698363046573332223452259410950305865—Final
March 200816074362171647162166947827510474324630—Final
February 200816666660042651301878938523610590325106—Final
January 200818287672600707352077942731611720362998—Final
December 20071738306680871983183423490511833346290—Final
November 200715938260637648991568230952410383314103—Final
October 200716223478358616901479633774912111332615—Final
September 200716939188532675791474328676812215355394—Final
August 2007190135121338727511994126997514857421797—Final
July 200718505497483727392247821588613230393226—Final
June 200717351381511689232281726208413286362755—Final
May 200715751366470650252604729528412112330203—Final
April 200714625060153573012389131725412309303129—Final
March 200715981156204643052416330474812892320471—Final
February 200716360357622652251856725201915675323230—Final
January 200717573961475740062604524521313801353531—Final
December 20061735095612870490215962472312086336283—Final
November 200615944053440613922027225401612059309159—Final
October 200616139070640575091705524423212498321567—Final
September 200616159072673666421720118795412015332055—Final
August 2006189455106592720162172816558316233407763—Final
July 2006187821108094721862543919556214864410421—Final
June 200616969381060683912975720527013236364260—Final
May 200615701065586627763081824597111897330616—Final
April 200614142656091575672855624725211694297858—Final
March 200616132554922637212462523593311745318730—Final
February 200615861647409626162476219222011989307333—Final
January 200616923643807719122743723831313871328658—Final
December 20051779655399371735221411828320436348101—Final
November 200515879849440629131935316101313990306115—Final
October 200516243755941612361800614463817294316398—Final
September 200517165673355667391736414686119574350218—Final
August 2005187574100787713822156611387622419404941—Final
July 200518609196819710702595714217220844402274—Final
June 200517486775635661442678317978818356363672—Final
May 200515395854826629702727917468114202315062—Final
April 200514308352016554842305816985814165289562—Final
March 200516361351897615392293615613815875317458—Final
February 20051558184491360947216079661314236298500—Final
January 20051770145133869828242721132919529343121—Final
December 20041767555131068617262111172817876341948—Final
November 20041574364969358941209379321514147302101—Final
October 200415760557229625301886310293415161312450—Final
September 200416425367854659322052510906115908335622—Final
August 200417818177821710682159210517318653368439—Final
July 200418149279290719752331811648220010377332—Final
June 200416764264686677342525213978818286345085—Final
May 200415701662022649172402017028217622327380—Final
April 200414147151822586202088812955716407290560—Final
March 200415428849801632852291412915317179308812—Final
February 200416150350320641022091410221116409314280—Final
January 20041806574825370806229839991322833346546—Final
December 20031762914403568612240441105417589331680—Final
November 20031582234532859600197159611414025297867—Final
October 20031593235182460016184288973516217306741—Final
September 20031649105909063584184808955616121323136—Final
August 20031853328325069024229728156220361381816—Final
July 20031818527693869653248439536220094374396—Final
June 200316228554453641812858610479118051328694—Final
May 200315026349373622022939510066815237307545—Final
April 200314196045195567762475910936015913285756—Final
March 200315500246699599332420210365017395304317—Final
February 20031569824354760942197807451817235299249—Final
January 20031813135017669211206006321320043341989—Final
December 2002172190461006890521669755415210324834—Final
November 20021560544516161520197306562813141296290—Final
October 20021590995420160493171717343115330307059—Final
September 20021653666816164481170877365315396331279—Final
August 20021799558447770778210849777517240374586—Final
July 20021831958391770421254718908617563381542—Final
June 200216466865631663722821311269614918341023—Final
May 200215140650275630322666310785815163307675—Final
April 200214230549146584372424710244614643289848—Final
March 20021514865121463041210098524414903302549—Final
February 20021430494430861658201927142411881281826—Final
January 20021643584841370926217958111113627319941—Final
December 2001157402475416743119346616413156305496—Final
November 20011441174449162342154134701412087278934—Final
October 20011489315637660461152356072113103294734—Final
September 20011541586018163378152564906513400306929—Final
August 20011831167841068389189145778521041370533—Final
July 20011790607303069166180796359217551357614—Final
June 20011626165760368023207286709117964327694—Final
May 20011515935093461512191766358116560300492—Final
April 20011406714584356003180136853916826278079—Final
March 20011552694436462141204775323117892300707—Final
February 20011497353796761272174734311316049282940—Final
January 2001177287423896870718852389724863332493—Final
December 20001726063901663276196893841524024319011—Final
November 20001556013736256471191618232015231284670—Final
October 20001591324349952470171864114016714289452—Final
September 20001620585568858267178013326218239312447—Final
August 20001814627654267226219813766621015368669—Final
July 20001745366993868972241303808218489356528—Final
June 20001688685913867299251854475818059339054—Final
May 20001555315905463976274214085516509322954—Final
April 20001421334378958259284903303712540285578—Final
March 20001568854258862737267033502712290301580—Final
February 20001593033525764179224847062112220294169—Final
January 2000178150391677076225342645913918327994—Final
December 19991574963350767563249705041811116295174—Final
November 19991442443265460552211633542512103271096—Final
October 19991507744390555343199034194913544283935—Final
September 19991581894968260935208923773815402305516—Final
August 19991773277210568143257263825520294364031—Final
July 19991831827295866815296864566723376376538—Final
June 19991617825607262300305672546617884328924—Final
May 19991485374792756057289962766318242300098—Final
April 19991422144549548529273393735516714280719—Final
March 19991507383833958838320804473817665298145—Final
February 19991417312946757489286933091417117274820—Final
January 1999164876342866568929521337821098315814—Final
December 19981576763315062497251874451419018297986—Final
November 19981430953115857372200211812015289267136—Final
October 19981498544136257429188852993816579284446—Final
September 19981606955984857206208264765219821318924—Final
August 19981785057034860369251114227322538357366—Final
July 19981789626924261499286595478122946361936—Final
June 19981631085804955732323413956719212328903—Final
May 19981506794622051496331961433817868299640—Final
April 1998137324329844750328608865514669261230—Final
March 199814979033822537113168865017811286878—Final
February 19981415442467850999299968713358260590—Final
January 199816228430396578892881817915848295260—Final
December 1997165873332735545725865721215805296356—Final
November 1997150755302215118923711731615157271121—Final
October 19971569023924646981247342753316800284971—Final
September 19971562795241552586233992603416084301057—Final
August 19971675405998761084269065306016792332899—Final
July 19971722136450357352316565097218210344516—Final
June 19971507484673452095344565177814464299092—Final
May 19971405553763047032341843505313109272914—Final
April 19971361673284444883320753246211930258284—Final
March 19971423193219950414349931494512139272258—Final
February 19971394122505750658315151093411347258131—Final
January 19971662542528958914329601201217025300574—Final
December 19961579572399457159303051221714696284250—Final
November 1996150048298975213223556992013370269122—Final
October 19961474683773850612225952532812752271446—Final
September 19961471264581254593221383511013121283151—Final
August 19961670755793461477262664153216087329286—Final
July 19961636405611260953288745357117522327708—Final
June 19961509474803757498319253769113843302717—Final
May 19961389744301955637332613928610898282266—Final
April 1996129581298705032531843244749675251613—Final
March 19961430032808255474338811885914331275019—Final
February 19961420532503455928317961121915743270685—Final
January 19961573242952562942307211471316251296923—Final
December 199515151728895598442920396815991285554—Final
November 19951385143233952708255421252512225261478—Final
October 19951359473764254293231512573612652263978—Final
September 19951399104803355690200275735213290277575—Final
August 19951721286816861661243775467018830345780—Final
July 19951635195999062037274706207316707330416—Final
June 19951428464497956381302254988111248286258—Final
May 19951304183991054387277824096811315264288—Final
April 199512307636241493212457475111466244736—Final
March 199513143038977518802857051810464261343—Final
February 199513290028126518582504323914347252307—Final
January 19951472203276063342248696511572279773—Final
December 19941401433324260497222621671013198269520—Final
November 19941279893633555280191464912812601251868—Final
October 19941341834064050703175143575613077256528—Final
September 19941366044459355628165773125012498266262—Final
August 19941564375619360104202981343914399307605—Final
July 19941570975281959123233621905318613311257—Final
June 19941522974711051751250123685617566294162—Final
May 19941307993304548525258953685014063252745—Final
April 19941239923255643192246964134815739240637—Final
March 19941380203011948969235965474916697257998—Final
February 19941355212503249821204391002218236249172—Final
January 199415761128533568472132902525424289768—Final
December 19931481742889753108224682721419232272165—Final
November 19931364753323046862189714582716080252102—Final
October 19931351413653644434181972853415926250553—Final
September 19931382203905349989182431365718336264032—Final
August 1993160903521505620920981746821065311450—Final
July 19931630184850556502247241366219276312225—Final
June 1993141785381595262027896873514777275360—Final
May 19931247772624350367306983715011819244326—Final
April 19931242752768943199266653715412443234695—Final
March 19931405933101246606245805203517902261248—Final
February 1993134109265845131921023491814912248015—Final
January 1993142599268695907626047247916172271021—Final
December 1992142076270275807525082347914727267343—Final
November 19921292372844450726205052812814940244162—Final
October 19921317313146048784174312443815307244994—Final
September 19921370743889650919177243194614947259925—Final
August 19921459574250358656191891416015421281927—Final
July 1992153082467555604920712756216882293617—Final
June 1992133411373645118523687754615309261077—Final
May 1992127361344994562723441944711343242412—Final
April 19921234953354342268205693192913184233406—Final
March 19921313603117845835229803281416038247733—Final
February 19921252702599452804189545161115966239514—Final
January 1992141153264125784922815150919386267773—Final
December 19911360222436053589229631971316945254089—Final
November 19911324202808346295193684252515045241661—Final
October 19911288493616147653185224253613734245378—Final
September 19911324623536951874193432076016712256027—Final
August 19911478054305558473227602287219766292159—Final
July 19911474804318360735254931558217519294648—Final
June 19911353123446854208269211556717967269099—Final
May 19911270493340746755296883626317549254873—Final
April 1991115472297644163126927238713761227799—Final
March 1991121445273484912127076207615358240561—Final
February 19911209352124847863230482902114886228290—Final
January 1991145372251075436926885622017400269214—Final

Actions marked on the chart, for screen readers and copying. Last reviewed Oct 6, 2026.

Electricity actions marked on the chart
DateActionAuthorityDescription
Aug 16, 2022Inflation Reduction Act enactedCongressPublic Law 117-169 (H.R. 5376), a reconciliation act whose text includes a clean electricity production credit. Enabled, not caused: the effect on this series, if any, came years after the action, so the date marks the action, not the change.
Apr 8, 2025Executive order on the coal industryExecutiveExecutive Order 14261, Reinvigorating America's Beautiful Clean Coal Industry and Amending Executive Order 14241. Enabled, not caused: this action is recent, so any effect on this series may not show yet, and the date marks the action, not the change.
Jul 4, 2025Reconciliation law ends wind and solar creditsCongressPublic Law 119-21 (H.R. 1) amends section 45Y to terminate the clean electricity production credit for wind and solar facilities. Enabled, not caused: this action is recent, so any effect on this series may not show yet, and the date marks the action, not the change.

Oil supply and demand

Production averaged 6.8 million barrels a day in 2008, its lowest year, and 21.2 million in 2025, the first year in records back to 1973 that it topped products supplied. Products supplied ranged between 14.5 million (April 2020) and 21.7 million (August 2005).

Produced 21.7M b/d · Supplied 20.3M b/d

August 2026 (preliminary) · Trump (R)

Tap or drag the chart to pin a month.

Million barrels per day, total petroleum (crude plus products)010203019911995200020052010201520202025George H. W. Bush, 1989 to 1993. Click to show only these years.Bush 41Bill Clinton, 1993 to 2001. Click to show only these years.ClintonGeorge W. Bush, 2001 to 2009. Click to show only these years.Bush 43Barack Obama, 2009 to 2017. Click to show only these years.ObamaDonald Trump, 2017 to 2021. Click to show only these years.TrumpJoe Biden, 2021 to 2025. Click to show only these years.BidenDonald Trump, 2025 to present. Click to show only these years.Trump20012008–09Oct 2017: 13.7M b/dOct 2017: 20.0M b/d
Preliminary, may be revisedRecession (NBER)
Data notes

Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, monthly: what U.S. fields produce against what refiners supply to the market. Both lines are total petroleum (crude plus natural gas liquids and refined products); crude alone is smaller, about 13.7 million barrels a day produced in 2025 against 21.2 million for total. Products supplied is what left refineries, blending and storage for the domestic market, adjusted for stock changes: EIA’s stand-in for consumption, so the gap between the lines is roughly how much the country relies on imports or exports. Prices, weather and the vehicle fleet drive both lines, so the card carries no policy marks.

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View as table
Total petroleum production and products supplied, thousand barrels per day, by month
MonthProductionSuppliedStatus
August 20262172320297Preliminary, may be revised
July 20262158020442Preliminary, may be revised
June 20262167720736Preliminary, may be revised
May 20262174220071Preliminary, may be revised
April 20262188420808Preliminary, may be revised
March 20262159020383Preliminary, may be revised
February 20262136421138Preliminary, may be revised
January 20262051720650Preliminary, may be revised
December 20252141620870Preliminary, may be revised
November 20252178020493Preliminary, may be revised
October 20252179620973Preliminary, may be revised
September 20252182320868Preliminary, may be revised
August 20252157521213Final
July 20252141521192Final
June 20252114521082Final
May 20252106520533Final
April 20252099520443Final
March 20252091420008Final
February 20252024220364Final
January 20251990620758Final
December 20242073520615Final
November 20242087520367Final
October 20242095721249Final
September 20242046320356Final
August 20242055520985Final
July 20242023920593Final
June 20242036320537Final
May 20242039320888Final
April 20242039720155Final
March 20242015620011Final
February 20241987319972Final
January 20241869119789Final
December 20231997420396Final
November 20232012620739Final
October 20232005320631Final
September 20231999520155Final
August 20231966420768Final
July 20231945120043Final
June 20231923420755Final
May 20231918820323Final
April 20231920619972Final
March 20231924420207Final
February 20231876319942Final
January 20231870019353Final
December 20221781619327Final
November 20221864720214Final
October 20221862720007Final
September 20221860820129Final
August 20221821920265Final
July 20221822219926Final
June 20221795120433Final
May 20221774319840Final
April 20221776219727Final
March 20221785420483Final
February 20221703220190Final
January 20221698019613Final
December 20211752320657Final
November 20211765520573Final
October 20211737020377Final
September 20211654220139Final
August 20211692420573Final
July 20211693120172Final
June 20211692620586Final
May 20211693520050Final
April 20211684319744Final
March 20211653519132Final
February 20211420017699Final
January 20211638418814Final
December 20201625718802Final
November 20201655818743Final
October 20201580118614Final
September 20201628418415Final
August 20201596218558Final
July 20201639218381Final
June 20201565717578Final
May 20201447916078Final
April 20201686714549Final
March 20201807118463Final
February 20201793220132Final
January 20201808919933Final
December 20191799420443Final
November 20191801420736Final
October 20191785420714Final
September 20191760320248Final
August 20191727021158Final
July 20191663220735Final
June 20191703220654Final
May 20191700820387Final
April 20191695520333Final
March 20191666120176Final
February 20191640520284Final
January 20191644820615Final
December 20181645320327Final
November 20181647320774Final
October 20181611620786Final
September 20181610420084Final
August 20181601721356Final
July 20181537320671Final
June 20181499320770Final
May 20181480120251Final
April 20181479720038Final
March 20181468220731Final
February 20181435719693Final
January 20181386820564Final
December 20171397620319Final
November 20171420720310Final
October 20171370019971Final
September 20171325819629Final
August 20171303620274Final
July 20171309020125Final
June 20171293120565Final
May 20171297420047Final
April 20171279919621Final
March 20171286420057Final
February 20171275319146Final
January 20171227719290Final
December 20161217919986Final
November 20161251119686Final
October 20161236019684Final
September 20161198019775Final
August 20161211120262Final
July 20161227919754Final
June 20161234819832Final
May 20161251719326Final
April 20161245619346Final
March 20161267119753Final
February 20161244219841Final
January 20161255819063Final
December 20151268719596Final
November 20151282619105Final
October 20151288319470Final
September 20151290819436Final
August 20151281919927Final
July 20151279120119Final
June 20151266919846Final
May 20151280319322Final
April 20151302719261Final
March 20151281619349Final
February 20151264619674Final
January 20151243219273Final
December 20141270219494Final
November 20141242219394Final
October 20141244719701Final
September 20141226519204Final
August 20141206219372Final
July 20141195219247Final
June 20141182818878Final
May 20141159218601Final
April 20141147018834Final
March 20141112018452Final
February 20141085918905Final
January 20141076819103Final
December 20131059219006Final
November 20131066619488Final
October 20131052719323Final
September 20131062919282Final
August 20131024919140Final
July 20131014019260Final
June 2013981918816Final
May 2013988218733Final
April 2013988718594Final
March 2013969918547Final
February 2013963518654Final
January 2013946218736Final
December 2012952118130Final
November 2012961818528Final
October 2012947618708Final
September 2012906018081Final
August 2012872219140Final
July 2012875818540Final
June 2012861418873Final
May 2012876318575Final
April 2012869918163Final
March 2012871218130Final
February 2012866918622Final
January 2012856118299Final
December 2011847118769Final
November 2011841219059Final
October 2011821618817Final
September 2011778418887Final
August 2011789219363Final
July 2011764618710Final
June 2011777719187Final
May 2011785818429Final
April 2011774818582Final
March 2011781319189Final
February 2011741418817Final
January 2011761118934Final
December 2010773219733Final
November 2010771218965Final
October 2010775518928Final
September 2010771919465Final
August 2010751819663Final
July 2010729119291Final
June 2010742619562Final
May 2010749218874Final
April 2010745319066Final
March 2010759119080Final
February 2010759718831Final
January 2010742118649Final
December 2009741119237Final
November 2009739118753Final
October 2009750118803Final
September 2009752118594Final
August 2009733718949Final
July 2009730618626Final
June 2009719618828Final
May 2009733118211Final
April 2009716618672Final
March 2009710918719Final
February 2009706318822Final
January 2009685519040Final
December 2008671019142Final
November 2008681819052Final
October 2008648719698Final
September 2008548817839Final
August 2008681819272Final
July 2008703819557Final
June 2008697419678Final
May 2008702819798Final
April 2008706519815Final
March 2008706419831Final
February 2008699320029Final
January 2008690620247Final
December 2007693920719Final
November 2007692020535Final
October 2007686220476Final
September 2007669520415Final
August 2007673821025Final
July 2007682320747Final
June 2007685520723Final
May 2007700420620Final
April 2007693520536Final
March 2007689520536Final
February 2007682821309Final
January 2007678520567Final
December 2006692320795Final
November 2006683420669Final
October 2006688120769Final
September 2006680720559Final
August 2006677221434Final
July 2006685320740Final
June 2006691820982Final
May 2006690520457Final
April 2006681920201Final
March 2006673020608Final
February 2006671420577Final
January 2006673020436Final
December 2005644721495Final
November 2005647820623Final
October 2005609920253Final
September 2005570520142Final
August 2005692321666Final
July 2005700120939Final
June 2005722721198Final
May 2005744520606Final
April 2005740320137Final
March 2005747221009Final
February 2005737020830Final
January 2005725820694Final
December 2004732821229Final
November 2004729120805Final
October 2004699020861Final
September 2004687920529Final
August 2004718821028Final
July 2004729620880Final
June 2004714520780Final
May 2004733620313Final
April 2004734320545Final
March 2004744420453Final
February 2004737020872Final
January 2004738720479Final
December 2003729420679Final
November 2003738619873Final
October 2003743220182Final
September 2003737019933Final
August 2003727720586Final
July 2003714720094Final
June 2003724119793Final
May 2003722719344Final
April 2003742719830Final
March 2003753219708Final
February 2003759520375Final
January 2003751320017Final
December 2002748219943Final
November 2002751419991Final
October 2002723319678Final
September 2002730919461Final
August 2002773320221Final
July 2002759720076Final
June 2002775519875Final
May 2002784119728Final
April 2002776919552Final
March 2002778719676Final
February 2002778119444Final
January 2002770019454Final
December 2001777719003Final
November 2001788319396Final
October 2001777119824Final
September 2001774219016Final
August 2001768020153Final
July 2001764719919Final
June 2001767419561Final
May 2001774219501Final
April 2001769319729Final
March 2001771319876Final
February 2001751219689Final
January 2001719720092Final
December 2000743820814Final
November 2000770919328Final
October 2000772819798Final
September 2000768019899Final
August 2000772920496Final
July 2000767419696Final
June 2000774520054Final
May 2000778919605Final
April 2000782218816Final
March 2000790519218Final
February 2000783919635Final
January 2000774019026Final
December 1999791620498Final
November 1999791019087Final
October 1999790019868Final
September 1999772119483Final
August 1999765420093Final
July 1999770019820Final
June 1999763419836Final
May 1999766518705Final
April 1999769319152Final
March 1999767019497Final
February 1999768819107Final
January 1999762019029Final
December 1998766419419Final
November 1998790818673Final
October 1998788719188Final
September 1998750518895Final
August 1998792419347Final
July 1998778119466Final
June 1998801519182Final
May 1998818218375Final
April 1998835219044Final
March 1998826118685Final
February 1998833318316Final
January 1998834618362Final
December 1997830419250Final
November 1997818718578Final
October 1997828019071Final
September 1997833118562Final
August 1997817818565Final
July 1997823019107Final
June 1997826818617Final
May 1997829618293Final
April 1997826618559Final
March 1997832817863Final
February 1997838218398Final
January 1997818518554Final
December 1996838218334Final
November 1996839018535Final
October 1996839319171Final
September 1996835417655Final
August 1996821818658Final
July 1996816718211Final
June 1996829118107Final
May 1996820017957Final
April 1996828917885Final
March 1996838618301Final
February 1996825718620Final
January 1996821118261Final
December 1995822018366Final
November 1995838217979Final
October 1995817817651Final
September 1995817318026Final
August 1995817618044Final
July 1995820017147Final
June 1995831818131Final
May 1995842017293Final
April 1995839817142Final
March 1995837717484Final
February 1995857518279Final
January 1995846917219Final
December 1994856718319Final
November 1994844317315Final
October 1994840617719Final
September 1994840017490Final
August 1994830418117Final
July 1994825317485Final
June 1994834317815Final
May 1994839917181Final
April 1994829117489Final
March 1994841317313Final
February 1994840418337Final
January 1994843218072Final
December 1993843717953Final
November 1993858117780Final
October 1993860717323Final
September 1993844417650Final
August 1993850517332Final
July 1993842917357Final
June 1993854817096Final
May 1993857916508Final
April 1993868316781Final
March 1993876817575Final
February 1993871917334Final
January 1993869816173Final
December 1992884717928Final
November 1992877817091Final
October 1992884817448Final
September 1992869016876Final
August 1992855916929Final
July 1992881417143Final
June 1992886916978Final
May 1992886316485Final
April 1992898516764Final
March 1992904216825Final
February 1992908416893Final
January 1992904917012Final
December 1991898517145Final
November 1991902516730Final
October 1991912316996Final
September 1991899116848Final
August 1991894317183Final
July 1991896916971Final
June 1991894816878Final
May 1991906516189Final
April 1991917316139Final
March 1991922916212Final
February 1991933216339Final
January 1991914716893Final

Oil imports and exports

Net petroleum imports peaked at 13.4 million barrels a day in August 2006. In October 2019 exports topped imports for the first time in monthly records back to 1973, and the U.S. was a net exporter every year from 2020 through 2025.

+3.8M b/d
August 2026 (preliminary)Trump (R)

Tap or drag the chart to pin a month.

Net exports, million barrels per day (exports minus imports; below zero the U.S. imported more than it exported)−15−10−5051019911995200020052010201520202025George H. W. Bush, 1989 to 1993. Click to show only these years.Bush 41Bill Clinton, 1993 to 2001. Click to show only these years.ClintonGeorge W. Bush, 2001 to 2009. Click to show only these years.Bush 43Barack Obama, 2009 to 2017. Click to show only these years.ObamaDonald Trump, 2017 to 2021. Click to show only these years.TrumpJoe Biden, 2021 to 2025. Click to show only these years.BidenDonald Trump, 2025 to present. Click to show only these years.Trump20012008–09Dec 18, 2015 · Congress · Crude oil export restriction repealed by statuteMay 2026: 5.9M b/dAug 2006: −13.4M b/d
Net exports (exports minus imports)Preliminary, may be revisedPolicy actionRecession (NBER)
Data notes

Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review: what the U.S. brings in and sends out, monthly, as the balance between them or each flow on its own. Imports, exports and net exports are total petroleum (crude oil plus natural gas liquids and the refined products made from it). Net exports are exports minus imports, the sign EIA’s net-imports series flipped, so a rise means the U.S. depends less on foreign oil. Above zero means the U.S. exported more than it imported, first true for a full year in 2020. The dashed line is the one crude-only series: crude exports rose from about 0.5 million barrels a day in 2015 to about 3 million in 2019, but the 2015 repeal flag marks an act that enabled the change, not one that caused it.

Report a correction

View as table
Total petroleum imports, exports, crude oil exports and net exports, thousand barrels per day, by month
MonthImportsExportsCrude exportsNet exportsStatus
August 202681071189138193784Preliminary, may be revised
July 202673631109835213734Preliminary, may be revised
June 202676741254047354865Preliminary, may be revised
May 202676111354057285928Preliminary, may be revised
April 202678951361055935715Preliminary, may be revised
March 202681551186840433713Preliminary, may be revised
February 202681581131843453159Preliminary, may be revised
January 202681731078039222607Preliminary, may be revised
December 202582911130840683017Preliminary, may be revised
November 202574341117938183746Preliminary, may be revised
October 202575031107444013571Preliminary, may be revised
September 202583311127543562943Preliminary, may be revised
August 202581931068339982491Final
July 202579801039134992411Final
June 202579831074537612761Final
May 202580441032436102280Final
April 202577301042238352691Final
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Actions marked on the chart, for screen readers and copying. Last reviewed Oct 6, 2026.

Oil actions marked on the chart
DateActionAuthorityDescription
Dec 18, 2015Crude oil export restriction repealed by statuteCongressPublic Law 114-113 (H.R. 2029), in the title headed Oil Exports, Safety Valve, and Maritime Security, repeals section 103 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act and bars federal officials from imposing or enforcing a restriction on crude oil exports, with a savings clause for presidential authority under the Constitution and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Enabled, not caused: the effect on this series, if any, came years after the action, so the date marks the action, not the change.

Liquefied natural gas exports

Exports stayed under 16 billion cubic feet a month from 1997 through 2015. After Sabine Pass’s first cargo sailed in February 2016, the yearly total rose each year through 2025, and March 2026 set the monthly record of 573 billion.

LNG exports 518.8 Bcf

July 2026 (preliminary) · Trump (R)

Tap or drag the chart to pin a month.

020040060019911995200020052010201520202025George H. W. Bush, 1989 to 1993. Click to show only these years.Bush 41Bill Clinton, 1993 to 2001. Click to show only these years.ClintonGeorge W. Bush, 2001 to 2009. Click to show only these years.Bush 43Barack Obama, 2009 to 2017. Click to show only these years.ObamaDonald Trump, 2017 to 2021. Click to show only these years.TrumpJoe Biden, 2021 to 2025. Click to show only these years.BidenDonald Trump, 2025 to present. Click to show only these years.Trump20012008–09Aug 7, 2012 · Agency · DOE finalizes Sabine Pass non-FTA LNG export approvalFeb 24, 2016 · Agency · First Sabine Pass LNG export cargo sailsJan 26, 2024 · Agency · DOE pauses pending non-FTA LNG export decisionsJan 20, 2025 · Agency · DOE ends the LNG export pauseMar 2026: 573.1 BcfNov 2012: 0.0 Bcf
LNG exports, billion cubic feet per monthPreliminary, may be revisedPolicy actionRecession (NBER)
Data notes

Energy Information Administration LNG exports: natural gas shipped abroad as liquid, in billions of cubic feet a month. The series starts in 1997 but large-scale exports begin in February 2016; earlier volumes are small but unverified, so read the flat stretch as small, not necessarily zero. The rise traces to approvals made years earlier: in August 2012 the Energy Department gave final approval to the first terminal to export to countries without a free trade agreement (Sabine Pass, Louisiana), under President Obama. The first cargo sailed on February 24, 2016, after construction. The Energy Department’s 2024 pause on new approvals and its 2025 reversal are marked too. Approvals come years before cargoes, so flags mark what the Department of Energy decided and when, not any month’s volume.

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View as table
Liquefied natural gas exports, million cubic feet, by month
MonthExports (million cu ft)Status
July 2026518777Preliminary, may be revised
June 2026521059Preliminary, may be revised
May 2026502812Preliminary, may be revised
April 2026537936Preliminary, may be revised
March 2026573089Preliminary, may be revised
February 2026493596Preliminary, may be revised
January 2026539203Preliminary, may be revised
December 2025569267Preliminary, may be revised
November 2025525089Preliminary, may be revised
October 2025503475Preliminary, may be revised
September 2025451755Preliminary, may be revised
August 2025451139Preliminary, may be revised
July 2025436840Final
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May 20021882Final
April 20027454Final
March 20025658Final
February 20023792Final
January 20025656Final
December 20015648Final
November 20015692Final
October 20017625Final
September 20015711Final
August 20015717Final
July 20015698Final
June 20013803Final
May 20015713Final
April 20015628Final
March 20015611Final
February 20013756Final
January 20015618Final
December 20005617Final
November 20005736Final
October 20007546Final
September 20005620Final
August 20005627Final
July 20005626Final
June 20003792Final
May 20005740Final
April 20005700Final
March 20003814Final
February 20005603Final
January 20005604Final
December 19995613Final
November 19995609Final
October 19993736Final
September 19995626Final
August 19995663Final
July 19995695Final
June 19993772Final
May 19995668Final
April 19995706Final
March 19995591Final
February 19995593Final
January 19995610Final
December 19985682Final
November 19983785Final
October 19985682Final
September 19987584Final
August 19985677Final
July 19985679Final
June 19985695Final
May 19981891Final
April 19985702Final
March 19987435Final
February 19983726Final
January 19987446Final
December 19975631Final
November 19975691Final
October 19975676Final
September 19973767Final
August 19977532Final
July 19973756Final
June 19973786Final
May 19973812Final
April 19975660Final
March 19975675Final
February 19975596Final
January 19975604Final

Actions marked on the chart, for screen readers and copying. Last reviewed Oct 6, 2026.

Liquefied natural gas actions marked on the chart
DateActionAuthorityDescription
Aug 7, 2012DOE finalizes Sabine Pass non-FTA LNG export approvalAgencyDOE Order 2961-A granted Sabine Pass Liquefaction final long-term authorization to export LNG to countries without a free trade agreement. Enabled, not caused: the effect on this series, if any, came years after the action, so the date marks the action, not the change.
Feb 24, 2016First Sabine Pass LNG export cargo sailsAgencyThe first export cargo of the shale era left the Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana aboard the Asia Vision for Brazil, carrying 3.3 billion cubic feet of LNG.
Jan 26, 2024DOE pauses pending non-FTA LNG export decisionsAgencyDOE announced it would pause determinations on pending applications to export LNG to countries without a free trade agreement while it updated its public-interest analysis; exports already authorized (48 Bcf/d) were unaffected. Enabled, not caused: the effect on this series, if any, came years after the action, so the date marks the action, not the change.
Jan 20, 2025DOE ends the LNG export pauseAgencyDOE announced it was ending the LNG pause and returning to regular order, directing its fossil energy office to resume processing pending applications to export LNG to non-FTA countries. Enabled, not caused: this action is recent, so any effect on this series may not show yet, and the date marks the action, not the change.

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The reserve peaked at 727 million barrels in January 2010 and fell to a low of 347 million in July 2023. It was refilled to 415 million by March 2026, when an emergency exchange was authorized, and fell below the 2023 low in June 2026.

283.0 million barrels

Week ending Oct 2, 2026 · Trump (R)

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020040060080019911995200020052010201520202025George H. W. Bush, 1989 to 1993. Click to show only these years.Bush 41Bill Clinton, 1993 to 2001. Click to show only these years.ClintonGeorge W. Bush, 2001 to 2009. Click to show only these years.Bush 43Barack Obama, 2009 to 2017. Click to show only these years.ObamaDonald Trump, 2017 to 2021. Click to show only these years.TrumpJoe Biden, 2021 to 2025. Click to show only these years.BidenDonald Trump, 2025 to present. Click to show only these years.Trump20012008–09Nov 23, 2021 · Executive · Sale and exchange · SPR release of 50 million barrels authorizedMar 31, 2022 · Executive · Sale · SPR sale of up to 180 million barrels authorizedNov 8, 2024 · Executive · Refill · DOE reports its final SPR refill purchaseMar 11, 2026 · Executive · Exchange · SPR emergency exchange of 172 million barrels authorizedJan 2010: 726.6M bblOct 2026: 283.0M bbl
Reserve level, million barrelsPolicy actionRecession (NBER)
Data notes

Crude oil held in underground salt caverns: the weekly stock level from the Energy Information Administration, in millions of barrels, a level, not a flow. Releases, exchanges and refills are marked where they were authorized, and each label says who acted and what happened to the oil. A sale sells the oil, an exchange lends it to be returned with a premium, and a refill buys oil or takes back what was lent; the 2026 drawdown is an exchange, so the lower level is not a sale. A date marks when an action was authorized, not when barrels moved. Actions are hand-curated and checked against Department of Energy and Federal Register pages; the 1991 sale predates the first weekly reading, and the 2005 and 2011 sales are unmarked because their months are unconfirmed.

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Strategic Petroleum Reserve crude oil stocks by year, in million barrels
YearLast readingLowHigh
1991568.5568.5585.7
1992574.6568.5574.6
1993587.0574.6587.0
1994591.7587.1591.7
1995591.6591.6591.7
1996567.5567.5591.6
1997563.4563.4566.8
1998568.5563.4568.5
1999567.7567.7575.7
2000541.2541.2571.4
2001549.0540.7549.0
2002598.9550.2598.9
2003636.4599.1636.4
2004674.0638.2674.0
2005684.6675.6700.5
2006688.6683.7688.6
2007696.4688.6696.4
2008701.8696.5707.2
2009726.1701.8726.1
2010726.5726.2726.6
2011696.0695.9726.5
2012695.0695.0696.0
2013696.0695.0696.0
2014691.0691.0696.0
2015695.1690.9695.1
2016695.1695.1695.1
2017663.7662.7695.1
2018649.1649.1665.6
2019635.0635.0649.1
2020638.1635.0656.1
2021593.7593.7638.1
2022372.4372.4593.4
2023354.4346.8371.6
2024393.6355.0393.6
2025413.2393.8413.2
2026283.0283.0415.4

Actions marked on the chart, for screen readers and copying. Last reviewed Oct 6, 2026.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve actions marked on the chart
DateActionAuthorityDescription
Nov 23, 2021SPR release of 50 million barrels authorizedExecutive · Sale and exchangeAt the President's direction DOE made available 50 million barrels of SPR crude: up to 32 million through an exchange and an accelerated 18 million barrels of a congressionally mandated sale, announced in parallel with other major consuming countries.
Mar 31, 2022SPR sale of up to 180 million barrels authorizedExecutive · SalePresident Biden's March 31, 2022 announcement authorized the sale of up to 180 million barrels of SPR crude oil, as DOE's later notice describes it; DOE's history page lists a 180 million barrel emergency sale coordinated through the IEA in 2022.
Nov 8, 2024DOE reports its final SPR refill purchaseExecutive · RefillDOE reported 200 million barrels secured in total at an average $74.75 per barrel: 59 million purchased directly and 140 million through congressional action cancelling mandated sales.
Mar 11, 2026SPR emergency exchange of 172 million barrels authorizedExecutive · ExchangeSecretary of Energy Wright announced a presidentially authorized release of 172 million barrels from the SPR, the U.S. share of a 400 million barrel coordinated IEA action, over about 120 days. It is an exchange: the barrels are to be returned, and DOE stated a plan to replace them with about 200 million barrels within a year.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Petroleum Supply Monthly, Electric Power Monthly and Natural Gas Monthly, retrieved October 13, 2026. Policy actions are hand-curated from Department of Energy, Federal Register and govinfo.gov pages. Presidential terms and recession dates match the Economy page.