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Supreme Court · Decisions

Federal Election Commission v. Ted Cruz for Senate

The Supreme Court of the United States struck down section 304 of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which limited the amount of money that candidates could be paid on personal loans to their campaign.

142 S. Ct. 1638 · No. 21-12 · 2021 term · Roberts Court

Decided May 16, 2022 · argued Jan 19, 2022

First Amendment · Campaign spending

Landmark · Freedom of speech and of the pressStruck down an act of Congress

Majority opinion: John Roberts

The voteMajorityDissent

6–36 in the majority, 3 in dissent

3 dissents (6–3)

Affirmed. Federal Election Commission lost.

What this ruling means

Affirmed: the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the District Of Columbia U.S. District Court, so it stands (sometimes with changes the Court made to it).

Federal Election Commission was the petitioner, the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the case. “Lost” means the Court did not give that side the result it asked for.

From the Supreme Court Database. A justice who agreed with the result but not the reasoning counts in the majority.

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Summary

The opening of the case’s Wikipedia article: what the case was about and what the Court held.

Federal Election Commission v. Ted Cruz for Senate, 596 U.S. 289 (2022), was a case related to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court of the United States struck down section 304 of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which limited the amount of money that candidates could be paid on personal loans to their campaign.

Read the full article on Wikipedia

Data notes

The text is Wikipedia’s (CC BY-SA 4.0), matched to the case by its citation, docket number or name and year, and is not checked against the opinion. The site keeps the article’s opening section, ending on its last full sentence. The one-sentence summary under the title is the Decisions list’s: Wikipedia’s own ruling sentence, or, tagged “AI-written”, one Claude wrote from this opening.

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How the justices voted

Each justice who took part, placed by their Martin–Quinn ideology score for the 2021 term. Filled: the 6 in the majority. Hollow: the 3 in dissent. Colour is the party of the president who appointed them.

More liberalMore conservativeMedianSotomayorBreyerKaganJ. RobertsKavanaughGorsuchBarrettAlitoThomas

Majority(6)

Dissent(3)

Data notes

Each justice’s vote and what they wrote are from the justice-centered file of the Supreme Court Database. “Wrote a concurrence” means the justice sided with the majority and wrote separately; a justice who dissented in part is counted on the side they took overall. A justice who wrote nothing is listed as joining their side.

Positions are each justice’s Martin–Quinn score for the case’s term, the same scores as the Ideology page: negative is more liberal, positive more conservative. A score sums up a justice’s votes across the whole term, so it says where they usually sit, not why they voted as they did here. The median line is the Court’s median justice that term.

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The parties

Who brought the case to the Court, who answered it, and how it got there.

Petitioner
Federal Election CommissionFederal Election Commission
Respondent
Ted Cruz for SenateU.S. senator
Reached the Court by
Appeal (the Court was required to hear it)
Data notes

The names are the two sides of the case’s title. The description under each is the Supreme Court Database’s category for that party, in its own wording. The petitioner is the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the decision below. “Why it was taken” appears only when the majority opinion says lower courts disagreed or were unsure about the question; reasons that would fit any case (“to resolve the question presented”, “an important question”) are left out.

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The law at issue

The law the Court was asked to apply, and the kind of power it used to decide.

Provision
First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)
Kind of law
Constitutional Amendment
Decided by
Judicial review (national level)
Struck down
An act of Congress, as unconstitutional
Data notes

The Supreme Court Database codes the main constitutional provision, statute or court rule each case turned on, and the basis of the decision: judicial review of a federal or state law, interpreting a statute, supervising the lower courts, and so on. A case can rest on more than one. “Overruled” counts only where the majority opinion says so.

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Timeline

What happened at the Court and how the case got there, newest first.

  1. May 16, 2022DecidedDecided · Decided 6–3: affirmed. Federal Election Commission lost.
  2. Jan 19, 2022ArguedArgued · Oral argument before the Court.
  3. Not datedTaken upTaken up · Reached the Supreme Court on appeal, which the Court had to hear.
  4. Not datedCourt belowCourt below · Began in and was decided by the District Of Columbia U.S. District Court.
Data notes

From the Supreme Court Database: the court the case began in, the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed and what that court did, how the case came to the Court, and the dates of argument and decision. The database does not date the steps in the lower courts. Court names are the database’s.

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Other decisions on the same issue

27 other argued cases since 1946 on campaign spending, newest first.

  1. National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission225 L. Ed. 2d 998Jun 30, 2026 · 225 L. Ed. 2d 998First Amendment6–36–3 band

  2. Williams–Yulee v. the Florida Bar575 U.S. 433Apr 29, 2015 · 575 U.S. 433First Amendment5–45–4 band

  3. McCutcheon v. FECLandmark · Freedom of speech and of the press572 U.S. 185Apr 2, 2014 · 572 U.S. 185First Amendment5–45–4 band

  4. Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club Pac, et al., Petitioners v. Ken Bennett, in His Official Capacity As Arizona Secretary of State, et al.564 U.S. 721Jun 27, 2011 · 564 U.S. 721First Amendment5–45–4 band
  5. Citizens United v. Federal Election CommissionLandmark · Freedom of speech and of the press558 U.S. 310Jan 21, 2010 · 558 U.S. 310First Amendment5–45–4 band
  6. Davis v. FECLandmark · Freedom of speech and of the press554 U.S. 724Jun 26, 2008 · 554 U.S. 724First Amendment5–45–4 band
  7. Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.551 U.S. 449Jun 25, 2007 · 551 U.S. 449First Amendment5–45–4 band

  8. Neil Randall, et al. v. William H. Sorrell et al.548 U.S. 230Jun 26, 2006 · 548 U.S. 230First Amendment6–36–3 band

  9. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. Federal Election Commission546 U.S. 410Jan 23, 2006 · 546 U.S. 410First Amendment9–0Unanimous band
  10. Mitch McConnell, United States Senator, et al. v. Federal Election Commission, et al.Landmark · Freedom of speech and of the press540 U.S. 93Dec 10, 2003 · 540 U.S. 93First Amendment5–45–4 band

  11. Federal Election Commission v. Christine Beaumont et al.539 U.S. 146Jun 16, 2003 · 539 U.S. 146First Amendment7–27–2 band
  12. Federal Election Commission v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee533 U.S. 431Jun 25, 2001 · 533 U.S. 431First Amendment5–45–4 band

  13. Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon, Attorney General of Missouri, et al. v. Shrink Missouri Government Pac et al.528 U.S. 377Jan 24, 2000 · 528 U.S. 377First Amendment6–36–3 band

  14. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee and Douglas Jones, Treasurer v. Federal Election Commission518 U.S. 604Jun 26, 1996 · 518 U.S. 604First Amendment7–27–2 band

  15. Austin, Michigan Secretary of State, et al. v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce494 U.S. 652Mar 27, 1990 · 494 U.S. 652First Amendment6–36–3 band
  16. Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.479 U.S. 238Dec 15, 1986 · 479 U.S. 238First Amendment5–45–4 band
  17. Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee et al.470 U.S. 480Mar 18, 1985 · 470 U.S. 480First Amendment7–27–2 band
  18. Federal Election Commission et al. v. National Right to Work Committee et al.459 U.S. 197Dec 13, 1982 · 459 U.S. 197First Amendment9–0Unanimous band
  19. Brown et al. v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (Ohio) et al.459 U.S. 87Dec 8, 1982 · 459 U.S. 87First Amendment6–36–3 band
  20. Bread Political Action Committee et al. v. Federal Election Commission et al.455 U.S. 577Mar 8, 1982 · 455 U.S. 577First Amendment9–0Unanimous band
  21. Citizens Against Rent Control/Coalition for Fair Housing et al. v. City of Berkeley, California, et al.454 U.S. 290Dec 14, 1981 · 454 U.S. 290First Amendment8–18–1 band
  22. Federal Election Commission v. Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee et al.454 U.S. 27Nov 10, 1981 · 454 U.S. 27First Amendment9–0Unanimous band
  23. California Medical Association et al. v. Federal Election Commission et al.453 U.S. 182Jun 26, 1981 · 453 U.S. 182First Amendment5–0Unanimous band
  24. First National Bank of Boston et al. v. Bellotti, Attorney General of Massachusetts435 U.S. 765Apr 26, 1978 · 435 U.S. 765First Amendment5–45–4 band

  25. Buckley et al. v. Valeo, Secretary of the United States Senate, et al.Landmark · Freedom of speech and of the press424 U.S. 1Jan 30, 1976 · 424 U.S. 1First Amendment7–18–1 band

  26. Cort et al. v. Ash422 U.S. 66Jun 17, 1975 · 422 U.S. 66First Amendment9–0Unanimous band
  27. United States v. International Union United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO)352 U.S. 567Mar 11, 1957 · 352 U.S. 567First Amendment5–36–3 band
Data notes

Every other orally argued case with a clear vote, from the 1946 term on, that the Supreme Court Database files under the same issue as this one. The database gives each case one issue from a list of about 270 (abortion, search and seizure of vehicles, the death penalty, and so on), whatever law it turned on.

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Official record

Read the argument audio on Oyez and Wikipedia. Case data from the Supreme Court Database, Version 2026 Release 01, through the 2025 term.