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Supreme Court · Decisions

Trump v. United States

The Court held that presidential immunity from criminal prosecution presumptively extends to all of a president's official acts, with absolute immunity for official acts within exclusive presidential authority that Congress cannot regulate.· AI-written

144 S. Ct. 2312 · No. 23-939 · 2023 term · Roberts Court

Decided Jul 1, 2024 · argued Apr 25, 2024

Criminal procedure · Self-incrimination, immunity from prosecution

Landmark · Domestic

Majority opinion: John Roberts

The voteMajorityDissent

6–36 in the majority, 3 in dissent

3 dissents (6–3)

Vacated and remanded. Trump won.

What this ruling means

Vacated and remanded: the Supreme Court set aside the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, wiping it out without necessarily saying the result was wrong, and sent the case back for that court to decide again under the right legal standard.

Trump was the petitioner, the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the case. “Won” means the Court gave that side the result it asked for.

From the Supreme Court Database. A justice who agreed with the result but not the reasoning counts in the majority.

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Summary

The opening of the case’s Wikipedia article: what the case was about and what the Court held.

Trump v. United States, 603 U.S. 593 (2024), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States holding that presidential immunity from criminal prosecution presumptively extends to all of a president's "official acts" – with absolute immunity for official acts within an exclusive presidential authority that Congress cannot regulate such as the pardon, command of the military, execution of laws, or control of the executive branch. Trump is a federal case that was ultimately dismissed by federal district court judge Tanya Chutkan, following Trump's 2024 election. Trump's counsel filed a motion to dismiss the case, citing the Department of Justice's policy not to prosecute sitting presidents. This case would have determined whether then-president Donald Trump and others engaged in election interference during the 2020 election, including events during the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol. It is the first time a case concerning criminal prosecution for alleged official acts of a president was brought before the Supreme Court.

Read the full article on Wikipedia

Data notes

The text is Wikipedia’s (CC BY-SA 4.0), matched to the case by its citation, docket number or name and year, and is not checked against the opinion. The site keeps the article’s opening section, ending on its last full sentence. The one-sentence summary under the title is the Decisions list’s: Wikipedia’s own ruling sentence, or, tagged “AI-written”, one Claude wrote from this opening.

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How the justices voted

Each justice who took part, placed by their Martin–Quinn ideology score for the 2023 term. Filled: the 6 in the majority. Hollow: the 3 in dissent. Colour is the party of the president who appointed them.

More liberalMore conservativeMedianSotomayorK. JacksonKaganJ. RobertsKavanaughBarrettGorsuchAlitoThomas

Majority(6)

Dissent(3)

Data notes

Each justice’s vote and what they wrote are from the justice-centered file of the Supreme Court Database. “Wrote a concurrence” means the justice sided with the majority and wrote separately; a justice who dissented in part is counted on the side they took overall. A justice who wrote nothing is listed as joining their side.

Positions are each justice’s Martin–Quinn score for the case’s term, the same scores as the Ideology page: negative is more liberal, positive more conservative. A score sums up a justice’s votes across the whole term, so it says where they usually sit, not why they voted as they did here. The median line is the Court’s median justice that term.

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The parties

Who brought the case to the Court, who answered it, and how it got there.

Petitioner
TrumpPerson accused, indicted, or suspected of crime
Respondent
United StatesUnited States
Reached the Court by
Certiorari (the Court chose to hear it)
Data notes

The names are the two sides of the case’s title. The description under each is the Supreme Court Database’s category for that party, in its own wording. The petitioner is the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the decision below. “Why it was taken” appears only when the majority opinion says lower courts disagreed or were unsure about the question; reasons that would fit any case (“to resolve the question presented”, “an important question”) are left out.

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The law at issue

The law the Court was asked to apply, and the kind of power it used to decide.

Provision
Article II, Section 1 (executive power)
Kind of law
Constitution
Decided by
Judicial review (national level)
Data notes

The Supreme Court Database codes the main constitutional provision, statute or court rule each case turned on, and the basis of the decision: judicial review of a federal or state law, interpreting a statute, supervising the lower courts, and so on. A case can rest on more than one. “Overruled” counts only where the majority opinion says so.

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Timeline

What happened at the Court and how the case got there, newest first.

  1. Jul 1, 2024DecidedDecided · Decided 6–3: vacated and remanded. Trump won.
  2. Apr 25, 2024ArguedArgued · Oral argument before the Court.
  3. Not datedTaken upTaken up · The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case (certiorari).
  4. Not datedCourt belowCourt below · Decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit: affirmed.
  5. Not datedBeganBegan · The case began in the District Of Columbia U.S. District Court.
Data notes

From the Supreme Court Database: the court the case began in, the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed and what that court did, how the case came to the Court, and the dates of argument and decision. The database does not date the steps in the lower courts. Court names are the database’s.

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Other decisions on the same issue

26 other argued cases since 1946 on self-incrimination, immunity from prosecution, newest first.

  1. Turkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. v. United States598 U.S. 264Apr 19, 2023 · 598 U.S. 264Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band

  2. United States v. Aloyzas Balsys524 U.S. 666Jun 25, 1998 · 524 U.S. 666Criminal procedure7–27–2 band

  3. Pillsbury Co. et al. v. Conboy459 U.S. 248Jan 11, 1983 · 459 U.S. 248Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  4. United States v. Apfelbaum445 U.S. 115Mar 3, 1980 · 445 U.S. 115Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  5. New Jersey v. Portash440 U.S. 450Mar 20, 1979 · 440 U.S. 450Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  6. Lefkowitz, Attorney General of New York v. Cunningham et al.431 U.S. 801Jun 13, 1977 · 431 U.S. 801Criminal procedure7–18–1 band
  7. Lefkowitz, Attorney General of New York, et al. v. Turley et al.414 U.S. 70Nov 19, 1973 · 414 U.S. 70Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  8. Sarno et al. v. Illinois Crime Investigating Commission406 U.S. 482May 22, 1972 · 406 U.S. 482Criminal procedure5–27–2 band
  9. Zicarelli v. New Jersey State Commission of Investigation406 U.S. 472May 22, 1972 · 406 U.S. 472Criminal procedure5–27–2 band
  10. Kastigar et al. v. United States406 U.S. 441May 22, 1972 · 406 U.S. 441Criminal procedure5–27–2 band

  11. Piccirillo v. New York400 U.S. 548Jan 25, 1971 · 400 U.S. 548Criminal procedure5–45–4 band
  12. George Campbell Painting Corp. v. Reid et al., Members of New York City Housing Authority, et al.392 U.S. 286Jun 10, 1968 · 392 U.S. 286Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  13. Uniformed Sanitation Men Assn., Inc., et al. v. Commissioner of Sanitation of the City of New York et al.392 U.S. 280Jun 10, 1968 · 392 U.S. 280Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  14. Gardner v. Broderick, Police Commissioner of the City of New York, et al.392 U.S. 273Jun 10, 1968 · 392 U.S. 273Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  15. Stevens v. Marks, New York Supreme Court Justice383 U.S. 234Feb 28, 1966 · 383 U.S. 234Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  16. Murphy et al. v. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor378 U.S. 52Jun 15, 1964 · 378 U.S. 52Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band

  17. United States v. Welden377 U.S. 95Apr 20, 1964 · 377 U.S. 95Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  18. Lanza v. New York370 U.S. 139Jun 4, 1962 · 370 U.S. 139Criminal procedure7–0Unanimous band
  19. Piemonte v. United States367 U.S. 556Jun 19, 1961 · 367 U.S. 556Criminal procedure6–36–3 band
  20. Reina v. United States364 U.S. 507Dec 9, 1960 · 364 U.S. 507Criminal procedure7–27–2 band
  21. Mills et al. v. Louisiana360 U.S. 230Jun 8, 1959 · 360 U.S. 230Criminal procedure6–36–3 band
  22. Ullmann v. United States350 U.S. 422Mar 26, 1956 · 350 U.S. 422Criminal procedure7–27–2 band

  23. Adams v. Maryland347 U.S. 179Mar 8, 1954 · 347 U.S. 179Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  24. Smith v. United States337 U.S. 137May 31, 1949 · 337 U.S. 137Criminal procedure9–0Unanimous band
  25. United States v. Hoffman335 U.S. 77Jun 21, 1948 · 335 U.S. 77Criminal procedure5–45–4 band
  26. Shapiro v. United States335 U.S. 1Jun 21, 1948 · 335 U.S. 1Criminal procedure5–45–4 band
Data notes

Every other orally argued case with a clear vote, from the 1946 term on, that the Supreme Court Database files under the same issue as this one. The database gives each case one issue from a list of about 270 (abortion, search and seizure of vehicles, the death penalty, and so on), whatever law it turned on.

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Official record

Read the argument audio on Oyez and Wikipedia. Case data from the Supreme Court Database, Version 2026 Release 01, through the 2025 term.