Ed Plaut, et ux., et al. v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., et al.
The Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress may not retroactively require federal courts to reopen final judgments.
514 U.S. 211 · No. 93-1121 · 1994 term · Rehnquist Court
Decided Apr 18, 1995 · argued Nov 30, 1994
Miscellaneous · Miscellaneous
Landmark · Separation of powersStruck down an act of Congress
Majority opinion: Antonin Scalia
The voteMajorityDissent
7–27 in the majority, 2 in dissent
2 dissents (7–2)
Affirmed. Ed Plaut, et ux., et al. lost.
What this ruling means
Affirmed: the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, so it stands (sometimes with changes the Court made to it).
Ed Plaut, et ux., et al. was the petitioner, the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the case. “Lost” means the Court did not give that side the result it asked for.
From the Supreme Court Database. A justice who agreed with the result but not the reasoning counts in the majority.
Summary
The opening of the case’s Wikipedia article: what the case was about and what the Court held.
Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211 (1995), was a landmark case about separation of powers in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress may not retroactively require federal courts to reopen final judgments. Writing for the Court, Justice Scalia asserted that such action amounted to an unauthorized encroachment by Congress upon the powers of the judiciary and, therefore, violated the separation of powers as a constitutional concept.
Data notes
The text is Wikipedia’s (CC BY-SA 4.0), matched to the case by its citation, docket number or name and year, and is not checked against the opinion. The site keeps the article’s opening section, ending on its last full sentence. The one-sentence summary under the title is the Decisions list’s: Wikipedia’s own ruling sentence, or, tagged “AI-written”, one Claude wrote from this opening.
How the justices voted
Each justice who took part, placed by their Martin–Quinn ideology score for the 1994 term. Filled: the 7 in the majority. Hollow: the 2 in dissent. Colour is the party of the president who appointed them.
Majority(7)
Antonin ScaliaWrote the majority opinion
Stephen BreyerWrote a concurrence
David SouterJoined the majority
Sandra O'ConnorJoined the majority
Anthony KennedyJoined the majority
William RehnquistJoined the majority
Clarence ThomasJoined the majority
Dissent(2)
John StevensWrote a dissent
Ruth GinsburgJoined a dissent
Data notes
Each justice’s vote and what they wrote are from the justice-centered file of the Supreme Court Database. “Wrote a concurrence” means the justice sided with the majority and wrote separately; a justice who dissented in part is counted on the side they took overall. A justice who wrote nothing is listed as joining their side.
Positions are each justice’s Martin–Quinn score for the case’s term, the same scores as the Ideology page: negative is more liberal, positive more conservative. A score sums up a justice’s votes across the whole term, so it says where they usually sit, not why they voted as they did here. The median line is the Court’s median justice that term.
The parties
Who brought the case to the Court, who answered it, and how it got there.
- Petitioner
- Ed Plaut, et ux., et al.Investor
- Respondent
- Spendthrift Farm, Inc., et al.Tender offer
- Reached the Court by
- Certiorari (the Court chose to hear it)
Data notes
The names are the two sides of the case’s title. The description under each is the Supreme Court Database’s category for that party, in its own wording. The petitioner is the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the decision below. “Why it was taken” appears only when the majority opinion says lower courts disagreed or were unsure about the question; reasons that would fit any case (“to resolve the question presented”, “an important question”) are left out.
The law at issue
The law the Court was asked to apply, and the kind of power it used to decide.
- Provision
- Securities Act of 1933, the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, or the Williams Act
- Kind of law
- Federal Statute
- Decided by
- Judicial review (national level)
- Struck down
- An act of Congress, as unconstitutional
Data notes
The Supreme Court Database codes the main constitutional provision, statute or court rule each case turned on, and the basis of the decision: judicial review of a federal or state law, interpreting a statute, supervising the lower courts, and so on. A case can rest on more than one. “Overruled” counts only where the majority opinion says so.
Timeline
What happened at the Court and how the case got there, newest first.
- Apr 18, 1995DecidedDecided · Decided 7–2: affirmed. Ed Plaut, et ux., et al. lost.
- Nov 30, 1994ArguedArgued · Oral argument before the Court.
- Not datedTaken upTaken up · The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case (certiorari).
- Not datedCourt belowCourt below · Decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit: affirmed.
- Not datedBeganBegan · The case began in the Kentucky Eastern U.S. District Court.
Data notes
From the Supreme Court Database: the court the case began in, the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed and what that court did, how the case came to the Court, and the dates of argument and decision. The database does not date the steps in the lower courts. Court names are the database’s.
Other decisions on the same issue
16 other argued cases since 1946 on miscellaneous, newest first.
- Gundy v. United States139 S. Ct. 2116Jun 20, 2019 · 139 S. Ct. 2116Miscellaneous5–36–3 band
- Lucia v. SEC138 S. Ct. 2044Jun 21, 2018 · 138 S. Ct. 2044Miscellaneous7–27–2 band
- Hawaii et al. v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs et al.556 U.S. 163Mar 31, 2009 · 556 U.S. 163Miscellaneous9–0Unanimous band
- Department of Commerce, et al. v. United States House of Representatives et al.525 U.S. 316Jan 25, 1999 · 525 U.S. 316Miscellaneous6–36–3 band
- William J. Clinton, President of the United States, et al. v. City of New York, et al.Landmark · Separation of powers524 U.S. 417Jun 25, 1998 · 524 U.S. 417MiscellaneousLandmark · Separation of powers6–36–3 band
- Thomas Freytag, et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue501 U.S. 868Jun 27, 1991 · 501 U.S. 868Miscellaneous9–0Unanimous band
- Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, et al. v. Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc., et al.501 U.S. 252Jun 17, 1991 · 501 U.S. 252Miscellaneous6–36–3 band
- United States v. Stuart et al.489 U.S. 353Feb 28, 1989 · 489 U.S. 353Miscellaneous9–0Unanimous band
- Mistretta v. United States488 U.S. 361Jan 18, 1989 · 488 U.S. 361Miscellaneous8–18–1 band
- Morrison, Independent Counsel v. Olson et al.Landmark · Separation of powers487 U.S. 654Jun 27, 1988 · 487 U.S. 654MiscellaneousLandmark · Separation of powers7–18–1 band
- Phillips Petroleum Co. et al. v. Mississippi et al.484 U.S. 469Feb 23, 1988 · 484 U.S. 469Miscellaneous5–36–3 band
- Bowsher, Comptroller General of the United States v. Synar, Member of Congress, et al.Landmark · Separation of powers478 U.S. 714Jul 7, 1986 · 478 U.S. 714MiscellaneousLandmark · Separation of powers7–27–2 band
- First National City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba462 U.S. 611Jun 17, 1983 · 462 U.S. 611Miscellaneous6–36–3 band
- United States v. Will et al.449 U.S. 200Dec 15, 1980 · 449 U.S. 200Miscellaneous8–0Unanimous band
- Granville-Smith v. Granville-Smith349 U.S. 1Apr 11, 1955 · 349 U.S. 1Miscellaneous5–36–3 band
- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. et al. v. SawyerLandmark · Domestic343 U.S. 579Jun 2, 1952 · 343 U.S. 579MiscellaneousLandmark · Domestic6–36–3 band
Data notes
Every other orally argued case with a clear vote, from the 1946 term on, that the Supreme Court Database files under the same issue as this one. The database gives each case one issue from a list of about 270 (abortion, search and seizure of vehicles, the death penalty, and so on), whatever law it turned on.
Official record
Read the full opinion on Justia, the argument audio on Oyez and Wikipedia. Case data from the Supreme Court Database, Version 2026 Release 01, through the 2025 term.