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Supreme Court · Decisions

Goldfarb et ux. v. Virginia State Bar et al.

The Court stated that lawyers engage in "trade or commerce," which ended the legal profession's exemption from the antitrust laws.· AI-written

421 U.S. 773 · No. 74-70 · 1974 term · Burger Court

Decided Jun 16, 1975 · argued Mar 25, 1975

Economic activity · Antitrust

Majority opinion: Warren Burger

The voteMajority

8–08 in the majority, 0 in dissent

No dissent (9–0)

Reversed and remanded. Goldfarb et ux. won.

What this ruling means

Reversed and remanded: the Supreme Court overturned the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit and sent the case back to that court for further proceedings that follow the Supreme Court’s ruling.

Goldfarb et ux. was the petitioner, the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the case. “Won” means the Court gave that side the result it asked for.

From the Supreme Court Database. A justice who agreed with the result but not the reasoning counts in the majority.

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Summary

The opening of the case’s Wikipedia article: what the case was about and what the Court held.

Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975), was a U.S. Supreme Court decision. It stated that lawyers engage in "trade or commerce" and hence ended the legal profession's exemption from antitrust laws.

Read the full article on Wikipedia

Data notes

The text is Wikipedia’s (CC BY-SA 4.0), matched to the case by its citation, docket number or name and year, and is not checked against the opinion. The site keeps the article’s opening section, ending on its last full sentence. The one-sentence summary under the title is the Decisions list’s: Wikipedia’s own ruling sentence, or, tagged “AI-written”, one Claude wrote from this opening.

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How the justices voted

Each justice who took part, placed by their Martin–Quinn ideology score for the 1974 term. Filled: the 8 in the majority. Hollow: the 0 in dissent. Colour is the party of the president who appointed them.

More liberalMore conservativeMedianDouglasBrennanMarshallStewartWhiteBlackmunBurgerRehnquist

Majority(8)

Dissent(0)

  • None.

Did not take part: Lewis Powell.

Data notes

Each justice’s vote and what they wrote are from the justice-centered file of the Supreme Court Database. “Wrote a concurrence” means the justice sided with the majority and wrote separately; a justice who dissented in part is counted on the side they took overall. A justice who wrote nothing is listed as joining their side.

Positions are each justice’s Martin–Quinn score for the case’s term, the same scores as the Ideology page: negative is more liberal, positive more conservative. A score sums up a justice’s votes across the whole term, so it says where they usually sit, not why they voted as they did here. The median line is the Court’s median justice that term.

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The parties

Who brought the case to the Court, who answered it, and how it got there.

Petitioner
Goldfarb et ux.Consumer, consumer organization
Respondent
Virginia State Bar et al.Professional organization, business, or person
Reached the Court by
Certiorari (the Court chose to hear it)
Data notes

The names are the two sides of the case’s title. The description under each is the Supreme Court Database’s category for that party, in its own wording. The petitioner is the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the decision below. “Why it was taken” appears only when the majority opinion says lower courts disagreed or were unsure about the question; reasons that would fit any case (“to resolve the question presented”, “an important question”) are left out.

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The law at issue

The law the Court was asked to apply, and the kind of power it used to decide.

Provision
Sherman
Kind of law
Federal Statute
Decided by
Statutory construction
Data notes

The Supreme Court Database codes the main constitutional provision, statute or court rule each case turned on, and the basis of the decision: judicial review of a federal or state law, interpreting a statute, supervising the lower courts, and so on. A case can rest on more than one. “Overruled” counts only where the majority opinion says so.

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Timeline

What happened at the Court and how the case got there, newest first.

  1. Jun 16, 1975DecidedDecided · Decided 8–0: reversed and remanded. Goldfarb et ux. won.
  2. Mar 25, 1975ArguedArgued · Oral argument before the Court.
  3. Not datedTaken upTaken up · The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case (certiorari).
  4. Not datedCourt belowCourt below · Decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit: reversed.
  5. Not datedBeganBegan · The case began in the Virginia Eastern U.S. District Court.
Data notes

From the Supreme Court Database: the court the case began in, the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed and what that court did, how the case came to the Court, and the dates of argument and decision. The database does not date the steps in the lower courts. Court names are the database’s.

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  144. Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference et al. v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., et al.365 U.S. 127Feb 20, 1961 · 365 U.S. 127Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  145. Radiant Burners, Inc., v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. et al.364 U.S. 656Jan 16, 1961 · 364 U.S. 656Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  146. Federal Trade Commission v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc.363 U.S. 536Jun 20, 1960 · 363 U.S. 536Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  147. Federal Trade Commission v. Henry Broch & Co.363 U.S. 166Jun 6, 1960 · 363 U.S. 166Economic activity5–45–4 band
  148. United States v. Parke, Davis & Co.362 U.S. 29Feb 29, 1960 · 362 U.S. 29Economic activity6–36–3 band

  149. Federal Trade Commission v. Simplicity Pattern Co., Inc.360 U.S. 55Jun 8, 1959 · 360 U.S. 55Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  150. United States v. Atlantic Refining Co. et al.360 U.S. 19Jun 8, 1959 · 360 U.S. 19Economic activity6–18–1 band
  151. Federal Trade Commission v. Mandel Brothers, Inc.359 U.S. 385May 4, 1959 · 359 U.S. 385Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  152. Melrose Distillers, Inc., et al. v. United States359 U.S. 271Apr 20, 1959 · 359 U.S. 271Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  153. Klor's, Inc., v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., et al.359 U.S. 207Apr 6, 1959 · 359 U.S. 207Economic activity9–0Unanimous band

  154. Kelly v. Kosuga358 U.S. 516Feb 24, 1959 · 358 U.S. 516Economic activity7–27–2 band
  155. United States v. Radio Corporation of America et al.358 U.S. 334Feb 24, 1959 · 358 U.S. 334Economic activity7–0Unanimous band
  156. Denver Union Stock Yard Co. v. Producers Livestock Marketing Association356 U.S. 282Apr 28, 1958 · 356 U.S. 282Economic activity6–36–3 band
  157. Northern Pacific Railway Co. et al. v. United States356 U.S. 1Mar 10, 1958 · 356 U.S. 1Economic activity5–36–3 band
  158. Federal Trade Commission v. Standard Oil Co.355 U.S. 396Jan 27, 1958 · 355 U.S. 396Economic activity5–45–4 band
  159. Safeway Stores, Inc., v. Vance, Trustee in Bankruptcy355 U.S. 389Jan 20, 1958 · 355 U.S. 389Economic activity5–45–4 band
  160. Nashville Milk Co. v. Carnation Company355 U.S. 373Jan 20, 1958 · 355 U.S. 373Economic activity5–45–4 band
  161. Black, Assistant Regional Commissioner, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, v. Magnolia Liquor Co., Inc.355 U.S. 24Nov 12, 1957 · 355 U.S. 24Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  162. United States v. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. et al.353 U.S. 586Jun 3, 1957 · 353 U.S. 586Economic activity4–27–2 band
  163. United States Gypsum Co. v. National Gypsum Co. et al.352 U.S. 457Feb 25, 1957 · 352 U.S. 457Economic activity5–36–3 band
  164. Radovich v. National Football League et al.352 U.S. 445Feb 25, 1957 · 352 U.S. 445Economic activity6–36–3 band

  165. Federal Trade Commission v. National Lead Co. et al.352 U.S. 419Feb 25, 1957 · 352 U.S. 419Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  166. Holophane Co., Inc., v. United States.352 U.S. 903Nov 13, 1956 · 352 U.S. 903Economic activity8–0Unanimous band
  167. United States v. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co.351 U.S. 377Jun 11, 1956 · 351 U.S. 377Economic activity4–36–3 band
  168. United States v. McKesson & Robbins, Inc.351 U.S. 305Jun 11, 1956 · 351 U.S. 305Economic activity6–36–3 band
  169. Liquid Carbonic Corp. v. United States350 U.S. 869Oct 24, 1955 · 350 U.S. 869Economic activity6–27–2 band
  170. Lawlor et al., Trading As Independent Poster Exchange, v. National Screen Service Corp. et al.349 U.S. 322Jun 6, 1955 · 349 U.S. 322Economic activity8–0Unanimous band
  171. United States v. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. et al.348 U.S. 236Jan 31, 1955 · 348 U.S. 236Economic activity6–27–2 band

  172. United States v. Shubert et al.348 U.S. 222Jan 31, 1955 · 348 U.S. 222Economic activity8–0Unanimous band
  173. Moore v. Mead's Fine Bread Co.348 U.S. 115Dec 6, 1954 · 348 U.S. 115Economic activity8–0Unanimous band
  174. United Shoe Machinery Corp. v. United States.347 U.S. 521May 17, 1954 · 347 U.S. 521Economic activity7–0Unanimous band
  175. United States v. Borden Company et al.347 U.S. 514May 17, 1954 · 347 U.S. 514Economic activity7–0Unanimous band
  176. Partmar Corporation et al. v. Paramount Pictures Theatres Corp. et al.347 U.S. 89Feb 8, 1954 · 347 U.S. 89Economic activity5–27–2 band
  177. Theatre Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount Film Distributing Corp. et al.346 U.S. 537Jan 4, 1954 · 346 U.S. 537Economic activity7–18–1 band
  178. Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc. et al.346 U.S. 356Nov 9, 1953 · 346 U.S. 356Economic activity7–27–2 band

  179. Automatic Canteen Company of America v. Federal Trade Commission346 U.S. 61Jun 8, 1953 · 346 U.S. 61Economic activity6–36–3 band
  180. United States v. W. T. Grant Co. et al.345 U.S. 629May 25, 1953 · 345 U.S. 629Economic activity7–27–2 band
  181. Times-Picayune Publishing Co. et al. v. United States345 U.S. 594May 25, 1953 · 345 U.S. 594Economic activity5–45–4 band
  182. Federal Trade Commission v. Motion Picture Advertising Service Co., Inc.344 U.S. 392Feb 2, 1953 · 344 U.S. 392Economic activity7–27–2 band

  183. Federal Trade Commission v. Ruberoid Co.343 U.S. 470May 26, 1952 · 343 U.S. 470Economic activity7–18–1 band

  184. Besser Manufacturing Co. et al. v. United States343 U.S. 444May 26, 1952 · 343 U.S. 444Economic activity8–0Unanimous band

  185. United States v. Oregon State Medical Society et al.343 U.S. 326Apr 28, 1952 · 343 U.S. 326Economic activity7–18–1 band
  186. United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc. et al.342 U.S. 371Feb 4, 1952 · 342 U.S. 371Economic activity8–0Unanimous band

  187. Hughes v. United States342 U.S. 353Feb 4, 1952 · 342 U.S. 353Economic activity7–0Unanimous band

  188. Lorain Journal Co. et al. v. United States342 U.S. 143Dec 11, 1951 · 342 U.S. 143Economic activity7–0Unanimous band

  189. Timken Roller Bearing Co. v. United States341 U.S. 593Jun 4, 1951 · 341 U.S. 593Economic activity5–27–2 band
  190. Schwegmann Brothers et al. v. Calvert Distillers Corp.341 U.S. 384May 21, 1951 · 341 U.S. 384Economic activity6–36–3 band
  191. Emich Motors Corp. et al. v. General Motors Corp. et al.340 U.S. 558Feb 26, 1951 · 340 U.S. 558Economic activity8–0Unanimous band
  192. Standard Oil Co. v. Federal Trade Commission340 U.S. 231Jan 8, 1951 · 340 U.S. 231Economic activity5–36–3 band
  193. Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. et al.340 U.S. 211Jan 2, 1951 · 340 U.S. 211Economic activity9–0Unanimous band

  194. United States v. United States Gypsum Co. et al.340 U.S. 76Nov 27, 1950 · 340 U.S. 76Economic activity6–18–1 band
  195. United States v. National Association of Real Estate Boards et al.339 U.S. 485May 8, 1950 · 339 U.S. 485Economic activity6–18–1 band
  196. United States v. Yellow Cab Co. et al.338 U.S. 338Dec 5, 1949 · 338 U.S. 338Economic activity5–27–2 band
  197. Standard Oil Company of California et al. v. United StatesLandmark337 U.S. 293Jun 13, 1949 · 337 U.S. 293Economic activity6–36–3 band

  198. United States v. Women's Sportswear Manufacturers Association et al.336 U.S. 460Mar 28, 1949 · 336 U.S. 460Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  199. Ford Motor Co. v. United States335 U.S. 303Nov 15, 1948 · 335 U.S. 303Economic activity4–36–3 band
  200. Mandeville Island Farms, Inc. et al. v. American Crystal Sugar Co.334 U.S. 219May 10, 1948 · 334 U.S. 219Economic activity7–27–2 band
  201. United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. et al.Landmark · Businesses/Corporations/Contracts334 U.S. 131May 3, 1948 · 334 U.S. 131Economic activity7–18–1 band

  202. Schine Chain Theatres, Inc. et al. v. United States334 U.S. 110May 3, 1948 · 334 U.S. 110Economic activity7–0Unanimous band
  203. United States v. Griffith et al.334 U.S. 100May 3, 1948 · 334 U.S. 100Economic activity6–18–1 band
  204. Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co.334 U.S. 37May 3, 1948 · 334 U.S. 37Economic activity7–27–2 band
  205. United States v. Scophony Corporation of America et al.333 U.S. 795Apr 26, 1948 · 333 U.S. 795Economic activity9–0Unanimous band
  206. United States v. United States Gypsum Co. et al.333 U.S. 364Mar 8, 1948 · 333 U.S. 364Economic activity8–0Unanimous band

  207. United States v. Line Material Co. et al.333 U.S. 287Mar 8, 1948 · 333 U.S. 287Economic activity5–36–3 band

  208. International Salt Co., Inc. v. United States332 U.S. 392Nov 10, 1947 · 332 U.S. 392Economic activity6–36–3 band

  209. United States v. National Lead Co. et al.332 U.S. 319Jun 23, 1947 · 332 U.S. 319Economic activity4–36–3 band
  210. United States v. Yellow Cab Co. et al.332 U.S. 218Jun 23, 1947 · 332 U.S. 218Economic activity7–18–1 band
  211. Bruce's Juices, Inc. v. American Can Co.330 U.S. 743Apr 7, 1947 · 330 U.S. 743Economic activity5–45–4 band
Data notes

Every other orally argued case with a clear vote, from the 1946 term on, that the Supreme Court Database files under the same issue as this one. The database gives each case one issue from a list of about 270 (abortion, search and seizure of vehicles, the death penalty, and so on), whatever law it turned on.

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Read the full opinion on Justia, the argument audio on Oyez and Wikipedia. Case data from the Supreme Court Database, Version 2026 Release 01, through the 2025 term.