Public Works Employment Act
Public Law 95-28 · H.R. 11 · 95th Congress · began in the House
Signed by Jimmy Carter (D) on May 13, 1977 · Economics and Public Finance
Sponsor: Rep. Robert Roe (D-NJ-8)
Cosponsors (24): Rep. Harold Johnson, Rep. James Wright,
Passage votesYeaNay
- HouseRecorded vote: 335 yea, 77 nay335–77
- SenateRecorded vote: 71 yea, 14 nay71–14
Data notes
The final version of the law, as each chamber passed it. A chamber that passed it by voice vote or unanimous consent has no count. “Method not stated” means the record does not say how the chamber voted. Where the record has a member-by-member vote, the “Who voted for it” section shows who voted yea.
Summary
The Congressional Research Service’s plain-language summary of what the law does.
=Title I: Public Works Employment Act= - Amends the Local Public Works Capital Development and Investment Act to allow the Secretary of Commerce to permit any applicant who received a grant for a public works project to substitute one or more other projects; including those to provide water to drought-stricken areas, under specified conditions.
Includes the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands within the definition of the term "State.
Prohibits State or local governments from using their employees in public works project construction.
Requires competitive bidding for contracts for construction projects unless another method of award would be in the public interest. Requires that grant applications be accompanied by a certification that no contract will be awarded to anyone who will employ illegal aliens.
Requires that at least ten percent of the dollar volume of each contract be set aside for procurement of materials and supplies from minority businesses. Allows the Secretary of Commerce to make exceptions to such requirement.
Requires, with specified exceptions, that all supplies and materials going into funded projects be produced in the United States from supplies or materials mined or produced in the United States.
Requires that funded projects be designed and constructed in accordance with Federal standards for accessibility of transportation and public facilities to the handicapped and the elderly.
Directs the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, and consistent with existing collective bargaining agreements and practices, to promulgate regulations to assure special consideration to the employment of qualified disabled veterans.
Stipulates that up to two and one-half percent of funds appropriated shall be available for projects requested by Indian tribes or Alaska Native villages.
Provide a $70,000,000 set-aside for grants to be made for projects that were not received, not considered, or were rejected solely because of errors made by federal officers or employees.
Sets forth guidelines for making grants under this title including a grant allocation formula based on unemployment rates.
Requires that special consideration be given to projects which would result in energy conservation.
Provides that the Secretary may not consider or make a grant with respect to any project for which an application was not submitted after the date of enactment of the Act and on or before December 23, 1976, with specified exceptions.
Authorizes the appropriation of $6,000,000,000 for the period ending December 31, 1978, to carry out the purposes of this Act.
Directs the Secretary to study public works investment in the United States and the implications for the future of recent trends in such investment.
Requires the Secretaries of Agriculture and Interior to immediately initiate construction of projects which are the responsibility of their respective departments and which can be commenced within 60 days after enactment of this Act, and completed within 180 days after commencement of construction.
=Title II: Federal Public Works Projects Continuation= - Negates any prospective deferral or recission by the Executive branch of funding for specified water projects, with the exception of those appropriations or expenditures relating to the Meramec Park Lake project in Missouri.
Who voted for it
Every House member of the 95th Congress on the ideology compass. Highlighted: the 338 who voted yea on final passage. Faded: everyone else, including those who voted nay, did not vote, or had not yet taken office.
338 yea79 nay16 present or did not vote
Democrats who voted yea(264)
- Rep. Parren MitchellD-MD-7
- Rep. Edward RoybalD-CA-25
- Rep. Phillip BurtonD-CA-6
- Rep. Bill ClayD-MO-1
- Rep. Anthony BeilensonD-CA-23
Rep. Charlie RangelD-NY-19- Rep. Don EdwardsD-CA-10
- Rep. James CormanD-CA-21
- Rep. Frederick RichmondD-NY-14
- Rep. Gus HawkinsD-CA-29
Rep. John ConyersD-MI-1- Rep. Yvonne BurkeD-CA-28
- Rep. John MossD-CA-3
- Rep. Richard BollingD-MO-5
Rep. Pete StarkD-CA-9- Rep. Shirley ChisholmD-NY-12
- Rep. Benjamin RosenthalD-NY-8
- Rep. Ronald DellumsD-CA-8
- Rep. Robert NixD-PA-2
- Rep. Ralph MetcalfeD-IL-1
- Rep. Jonathan BinghamD-NY-22
- Rep. John McFallD-CA-14
- Rep. Frank ThompsonD-NJ-4
- Rep. George BrownD-CA-36
- Rep. Theodore WeissD-NY-20
- Rep. Cardiss CollinsD-IL-7
- Rep. Herman BadilloD-NY-21
- Rep. Lloyd MeedsD-WA-2
- Rep. George DanielsonD-CA-30
Rep. James OberstarD-MN-8- Rep. Henry GonzálezD-TX-20
- Rep. Daniel RostenkowskiD-IL-8
Rep. Henry WaxmanD-CA-24- Rep. Charles DiggsD-MI-13
- Rep. William BurlisonD-MO-10
- Rep. John SeiberlingD-OH-14
- Rep. Paul SimonD-IL-24
- Rep. William FordD-MI-15
Rep. Richard NolanD-MN-6- Rep. Robert KastenmeierD-WI-2
- Rep. Barbara JordanD-TX-18
- Rep. David BoniorD-MI-12
- Rep. Peter RodinoD-NJ-10
- Rep. John BrademasD-IN-3
- Rep. Stephen SolarzD-NY-13
- Rep. Edward PattenD-NJ-15
- Rep. James HowardD-NJ-3
- Rep. Charles WilsonD-CA-31
Rep. Daniel AkakaD-HI-2
Rep. George MillerD-CA-7- Rep. James WrightD-TX-12
- Rep. Michael HarringtonD-MA-6
- Rep. Dante FascellD-FL-15
Rep. John DingellD-MI-16- Rep. William BrodheadD-MI-17
- Rep. Henry ReussD-WI-5
- Rep. Norman MinetaD-CA-13
Rep. Dave ObeyD-WI-7- Rep. Elizabeth HoltzmanD-NY-16
- Rep. James ScheuerD-NY-11
- Rep. Ozzie MyersD-PA-1
- Rep. William MoorheadD-PA-14
- Rep. Edward KochD-NY-18
- Rep. Bruce VentoD-MN-4
- Rep. Daniel FloodD-PA-11
- Rep. Claude PepperD-FL-14
- Rep. John FaryD-IL-5
- Rep. Joseph AddabboD-NY-7
- Rep. Charles CarneyD-OH-19
- Rep. Robert LeggettD-CA-4
- Rep. Clement ZablockiD-WI-4
- Rep. John MurphyD-NY-17
- Rep. Albert UllmanD-OR-2
- Rep. Sidney YatesD-IL-9
- Rep. Abner MikvaD-IL-10
- Rep. Teno RoncalioD-WY
Rep. Barbara MikulskiD-MD-3- Rep. Joshua EilbergD-PA-4
- Rep. Raymond LedererD-PA-3
- Rep. Alvin BaldusD-WI-3
- Rep. Harold FordD-TN-8
- Rep. Robert DuncanD-OR-3
- Rep. Jerry PattersonD-CA-38
- Rep. Harley StaggersD-WV-2
- Rep. James BurkeD-MA-11
- Rep. Lionel Van DeerlinD-CA-42
- Rep. Morris UdallD-AZ-2
- Rep. Joseph LeFanteD-NJ-14
- Rep. Frank EvansD-CO-3
- Rep. Carl PerkinsD-KY-7
Rep. Ed MarkeyD-MA-7- Rep. Frederick RooneyD-PA-15
- Rep. Frank AnnunzioD-IL-11
- Rep. Richard OttingerD-NY-24
- Rep. Helen MeynerD-NJ-13
- Rep. Gerry StuddsD-MA-12
- Rep. James WeaverD-OR-4
- Rep. Thomas AshleyD-OH-9
- Rep. Gene MaguireD-NJ-7
- Rep. John MoakleyD-MA-9
- Rep. Bill AlexanderD-AR-1
- Rep. Fernand St. GermainD-RI-1
- Rep. John BurtonD-CA-5
- Rep. George ShipleyD-IL-22
- Rep. Morgan MurphyD-IL-2
- Rep. Robert GiaimoD-CT-3
- Rep. Lucien NedziD-MI-14
- Rep. Robert DrinanD-MA-4
- Rep. John JenretteD-SC-6
Rep. John MurthaD-PA-12- Rep. Don BonkerD-WA-3
- Rep. William LehmanD-FL-13
- Rep. Paul TsongasD-MA-5
- Rep. Edward BeardD-RI-2
- Rep. Thomas SteedD-OK-4
- Rep. John DentD-PA-21
- Rep. Jack BrooksD-TX-9
- Rep. Thomas DowneyD-NY-2
- Rep. Toby MoffettD-CT-6
- Rep. Charles VanikD-OH-22
- Rep. Charles RoseD-NC-7
- Rep. Bernice SiskD-CA-15
Rep. Christopher DoddD-CT-2- Rep. Gillis LongD-LA-8
- Rep. Lindy BoggsD-LA-2
- Rep. Neal SmithD-IA-4
Rep. Norm DicksD-WA-6- Rep. James DelaneyD-NY-9
- Rep. John YoungD-TX-14
- Rep. Thomas FoleyD-WA-5
- Rep. Leo RyanD-CA-11
- Rep. Ray ThorntonD-AR-4
- Rep. James TuckerD-AR-2
- Rep. Mike McCormackD-WA-4
- Rep. William CotterD-CT-1
- Rep. Edward PattisonD-NY-29
- Rep. James BlanchardD-MI-18
- Rep. Edward BolandD-MA-2
- Rep. Lunsford PreyerD-NC-6
- Rep. John SlackD-WV-3
- Rep. Robert MollohanD-WV-1
Rep. Dale KildeeD-MI-7- Rep. Mary OakarD-OH-20
- Rep. Robert CornellD-WI-8
- Rep. William NatcherD-KY-2
- Rep. Cecil HeftelD-HI-1
- Rep. Matthew McHughD-NY-27
- Rep. Robert EdgarD-PA-7
- Rep. Donald PeaseD-OH-13
- Rep. Charles WilsonD-TX-2
- Rep. Robert RoeD-NJ-8
- Rep. Henry NowakD-NY-37
- Rep. Joseph AmmermanD-PA-23
- Rep. Herbert HarrisD-VA-8
- Rep. Gladys SpellmanD-MD-5
- Rep. Mario BiaggiD-NY-10
- Rep. James FlorioD-NJ-1
- Rep. Mark HannafordD-CA-34
- Rep. James HanleyD-NY-32
- Rep. Joseph FisherD-VA-10
- Rep. Koln McKayD-UT-1
- Rep. John KrebsD-CA-17
- Rep. Michael BlouinD-IA-2
- Rep. Albert GoreD-TN-4
- Rep. Bob CarrD-MI-6
- Rep. Adam BenjaminD-IN-1
- Rep. Jerome TraxlerD-MI-8
- Rep. Glenn AndersonD-CA-32
- Rep. Kenneth HollandD-SC-5
- Rep. Leo ZeferettiD-NY-15
- Rep. David CornwellD-IN-8
- Rep. Lester WolffD-NY-6
- Rep. Joseph MinishD-NJ-11
- Rep. Timothy WirthD-CO-2
- Rep. Dick GephardtD-MO-3
- Rep. Ed JonesD-TN-7
- Rep. Douglas ApplegateD-OH-18
- Rep. James LloydD-CA-35
Rep. Max BaucusD-MT-1- Rep. Clifford AllenD-TN-5
- Rep. Lee HamiltonD-IN-9
- Rep. Austin MurphyD-PA-22
- Rep. Bo GinnD-GA-1
- Rep. George MahonD-TX-19
- Rep. John BreckinridgeD-KY-6
- Rep. Walter JonesD-NC-1
- Rep. John CavanaughD-NE-2
- Rep. Ronnie FlippoD-AL-5
Rep. Tom HarkinD-IA-5- Rep. Clarence LongD-MD-2
- Rep. Douglas WalgrenD-PA-18
- Rep. Patricia SchroederD-CO-1
- Rep. Tom BevillD-AL-4
- Rep. Jake PickleD-TX-10
Rep. Ike SkeltonD-MO-4- Rep. Mendel DavisD-SC-1
- Rep. Wyche FowlerD-GA-5
- Rep. Martha KeysD-KS-2
- Rep. Romano MazzoliD-KY-3
- Rep. Joseph EarlyD-MA-3
- Rep. Ed JenkinsD-GA-9
- Rep. Jerome AmbroD-NY-3
- Rep. Walter FlowersD-AL-7
- Rep. Leon PanettaD-CA-16
- Rep. Samuel StrattonD-NY-28
- Rep. Don FuquaD-FL-2
- Rep. Jack HightowerD-TX-13
- Rep. Theodore RisenhooverD-OK-2
- Rep. James MattoxD-TX-5
- Rep. Jamie WhittenD-MS-1
- Rep. Abraham KazenD-TX-23
- Rep. Peter KostmayerD-PA-8
- Rep. Les AuCoinD-OR-1
- Rep. Philip SharpD-IN-10
- Rep. Paul RogersD-FL-11
- Rep. Gus YatronD-PA-6
- Rep. Harold VolkmerD-MO-9
- Rep. Norman D’AmoursD-NH-1
- Rep. Ike AndrewsD-NC-4
- Rep. Bill HefnerD-NC-8
- Rep. Carroll HubbardD-KY-1
- Rep. Floyd FithianD-IN-2
- Rep. Robert SikesD-FL-1
- Rep. Billy EvansD-GA-8
- Rep. Vonno GudgerD-NC-11
- Rep. Robert KruegerD-TX-21
- Rep. James MannD-SC-4
- Rep. Kika de la GarzaD-TX-15
- Rep. Allen ErtelD-PA-17
- Rep. Druie BarnardD-GA-10
- Rep. Charles WhitleyD-NC-3
- Rep. Otis PikeD-NY-1
- Rep. Richard WhiteD-TX-16
- Rep. Martin RussoD-IL-3
- Rep. James SantiniD-NV
- Rep. William HughesD-NJ-2
- Rep. David BowenD-MS-2
- Rep. Thomas LukenD-OH-2
- Rep. James JonesD-OK-1
- Rep. Marilyn LloydD-TN-3
- Rep. Stephen NealD-NC-5
- Rep. Herbert RobertsD-TX-4
- Rep. Jack BrinkleyD-GA-3
- Rep. Elliott LevitasD-GA-4
- Rep. Goodloe ByronD-MD-6
- Rep. Andy IrelandD-FL-8
- Rep. William ChappellD-FL-4
- Rep. Marvin MathisD-GA-2
- Rep. William NicholsD-AL-3
- Rep. Daniel GlickmanD-KS-4
- Rep. John BreauxD-LA-7
- Rep. Wes WatkinsD-OK-3
- Rep. Thomas HuckabyD-LA-5
- Rep. Lawrence FountainD-NC-2
- Rep. Charles BennettD-FL-3
- Rep. Robert GammageD-TX-22
- Rep. David EvansD-IN-6
- Rep. Sam HallD-TX-1
- Rep. Joseph WaggonnerD-LA-4
- Rep. John FlyntD-GA-6
- Rep. Ronald MottlD-OH-23
- Rep. Richard IchordD-MO-8
- Rep. Harold RunnelsD-NM-2
- Rep. Robert StumpD-AZ-3
Republicans who voted yea(74)
- Rep. Charles WhalenR-OH-3
- Rep. Newton SteersR-MD-8
- Rep. Silvio ConteR-MA-1
- Rep. Pete McCloskeyR-CA-12
- Rep. Stewart McKinneyR-CT-4
- Rep. Frank HortonR-NY-34
- Rep. Matthew RinaldoR-NJ-12
- Rep. Harold HollenbeckR-NJ-9
- Rep. Margaret HecklerR-MA-10
- Rep. Benjamin GilmanR-NY-26
- Rep. Joseph McDadeR-PA-10
- Rep. Marc MarksR-PA-24
- Rep. Tim CarterR-KY-5
- Rep. John BuchananR-AL-6
- Rep. Donald MitchellR-NY-31
- Rep. William WalshR-NY-33
- Rep. Millicent FenwickR-NJ-5
- Rep. Thomas RailsbackR-IL-19
- Rep. Edward MadiganR-IL-21
- Rep. Mark AndrewsR-ND
- Rep. Joel PritchardR-WA-1
- Rep. Jack EdwardsR-AL-1
- Rep. Jim JohnsonR-CO-4
- Rep. Jim JeffordsR-VT
- Rep. Hamilton FishR-NY-25
- Rep. William CohenR-ME-2
- Rep. Larry PresslerR-SD-1
- Rep. John StantonR-OH-11
- Rep. Albert QuieR-MN-1
- Rep. Carl PursellR-MI-2
- Rep. William WamplerR-VA-9
- Rep. Ronald SarasinR-CT-5
- Rep. Elwood HillisR-IN-5
- Rep. William HarshaR-OH-6
Rep. Don YoungR-AK- Rep. David EmeryR-ME-1
- Rep. Harold SawyerR-MI-5
- Rep. Philip RuppeR-MI-11
- Rep. Bruce CaputoR-NY-23
Rep. Ralph RegulaR-OH-16- Rep. George O’BrienR-IL-17
- Rep. Donald ClausenR-CA-2
- Rep. Shirley PettisR-CA-37
- Rep. Thomas EvansR-DE
- Rep. John DuncanR-TN-2
- Rep. John RhodesR-AZ-1
- Rep. William MooreR-LA-6
- Rep. James QuillenR-TN-1
- Rep. Tennyson GuyerR-OH-4
- Rep. Paul TribleR-VA-1
- Rep. Norman LentR-NY-4
- Rep. Herbert BurkeR-FL-12
- Rep. Earl ColemanR-MO-6
- Rep. Edward DerwinskiR-IL-4
- Rep. Floyd SpenceR-SC-2
- Rep. Robert CoughlinR-PA-13
- Rep. Henry HydeR-IL-6
- Rep. Manuel LujánR-NM-1
- Rep. Robert McCloryR-IL-13
- Rep. Louis FreyR-FL-9
- Rep. Marion SnyderR-KY-4
- Rep. John HammerschmidtR-AR-3
- Rep. John MyersR-IN-7
- Rep. Robert KastenR-WI-9
- Rep. William BroomfieldR-MI-19
- Rep. William DickinsonR-AL-2
- Rep. Bob WilsonR-CA-41
- Rep. Skip BafalisR-FL-10
- Rep. Gary MyersR-PA-25
- Rep. Robert MichelR-IL-18
- Rep. Richard SchulzeR-PA-5
- Rep. John WydlerR-NY-5
- Rep. Bud ShusterR-PA-9
- Rep. Eldon RuddR-AZ-4
Data notes
The House’s recorded vote on the final version of the law (roll call 165 in Voteview), matched to the vote the record cites and checked against its totals. Positions are each member’s DW-NOMINATE score for that Congress, as on the Ideology page; left to right is more liberal to more conservative. Paired and announced yea votes count as yea. Lists follow the compass, most liberal first. A name links to a profile only for members of the current Congress. A law passed by voice vote or unanimous consent has no member list, and neither does a vote Voteview has not yet recorded.
Committees
The committees the bill was sent to, and what each did with it.
Data notes
A committee links to its page only where it exists in the current Congress; older and renamed committees are named without a link.
Timeline
From introduction to signing, newest first: the committees, the floor and the president. 27 actions.
- May 13, 1977Became lawBecame law · Signed by President.
- PresidentPresident · Public law 95-28.
- May 4, 1977PresidentPresident · Measure presented to President.
- May 3, 1977PresidentPresident · Measure enrolled in Senate.
- PresidentPresident · Measure enrolled in House.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · House agreed to conference report, roll call #184 (335-77).House roll call 184
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report agreed to in House: House agreed to conference report, roll call #184 (335-77).House roll call 184
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Motion to strike Title II rejected in House, roll call #183 (108-302).House roll call 183
- Apr 29, 1977Resolving differencesResolving differences · Senate agreed to conference report, roll call #126 (71-14).Senate roll call 126
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report agreed to in Senate: Senate agreed to conference report, roll call #126 (71-14).Senate roll call 126
- Apr 28, 1977Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report considered in Senate.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report filed in Senate, S. Rept. 95-110.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report filed: Conference report filed in Senate, S. Rept. 95-110.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report filed in House, H. Rept. 95-230.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference report filed: Conference report filed in House, H. Rept. 95-230.
- Apr 6, 1977Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference scheduled in Senate.
- Apr 5, 1977Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference scheduled in House.
- Resolving differencesResolving differences · House agreed to Senate amendment with amendment (included provisions of H. R. 3199 as passed).
- Mar 10, 1977Resolving differencesResolving differences · Conference scheduled in Senate.
- FloorFloor · Measure passed Senate, amended, in lieu of S. 427, roll call #48 (74-11).Senate roll call 48
- CommitteeCommittee · Discharged from Senate Environment and Public Works Committee
- Feb 28, 1977CommitteeCommittee · Referred to Senate Environment and Public Works Committee
- Feb 24, 1977FloorFloor · Measure passed House, amended, roll call #30 (295-85).House roll call 30
- FloorFloor · Motion to recommit to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation rejected in House.
- Feb 16, 1977CommitteeCommittee · Reported by House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee
- Jan 4, 1977CommitteeCommittee · Referred to House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee
- IntroducedIntroduced · Introduced in the House
Data notes
Shows the introduction, each committee and subcommittee step the source dates (referral, hearings, markup, report, discharge), and the floor, conference, presidential and became-law steps. Calendar placements, messages between the chambers, amendments and committee report numbers are not shown for laws before the 108th Congress. Two entries the source lists twice are shown once.
Official record
The bill’s full text and every action, including introduction and committee steps, are on Congress.gov. Data through Oct 7, 2026.





