Transunion LLC v. Ramirez
In a class-action dispute over Article III standing against a private defendant, the Court ruled that only those who can show concrete harm have standing to seek damages in federal court.· AI-written
141 S. Ct. 2190 · No. 20-297 · 2020 term · Roberts Court
Decided Jun 25, 2021 · argued Mar 30, 2021
Judicial power · Standing to sue: legal injury
Majority opinion: Brett Kavanaugh
The voteMajorityDissent
5–45 in the majority, 4 in dissent
4 dissents (5–4)
Reversed and remanded. Transunion LLC won.
What this ruling means
Reversed and remanded: the Supreme Court overturned the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit and sent the case back to that court for further proceedings that follow the Supreme Court’s ruling.
Transunion LLC was the petitioner, the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the case. “Won” means the Court gave that side the result it asked for.
From the Supreme Court Database. A justice who agreed with the result but not the reasoning counts in the majority.
Summary
The opening of the case’s Wikipedia article: what the case was about and what the Court held.
TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413 (2021), was a United States Court case dealing with standing in federal cases under Article III of the Constitution related to class-action suits against private defendants. In a 5–4 decision, the Court ruled that only those that can show concrete harm have standing to seek damages against private defendants in federal court.
Data notes
The text is Wikipedia’s (CC BY-SA 4.0), matched to the case by its citation, docket number or name and year, and is not checked against the opinion. The site keeps the article’s opening section, ending on its last full sentence. The one-sentence summary under the title is the Decisions list’s: Wikipedia’s own ruling sentence, or, tagged “AI-written”, one Claude wrote from this opening.
How the justices voted
Each justice who took part, placed by their Martin–Quinn ideology score for the 2020 term. Filled: the 5 in the majority. Hollow: the 4 in dissent. Colour is the party of the president who appointed them.
Majority(5)
Brett KavanaughWrote the majority opinion
John RobertsJoined the majority
Amy BarrettJoined the majority
Neil GorsuchJoined the majority
Samuel AlitoJoined the majority
Dissent(4)
Elena KaganWrote a dissent
Clarence ThomasWrote a dissent
Sonia SotomayorJoined a dissent
Stephen BreyerJoined a dissent
Data notes
Each justice’s vote and what they wrote are from the justice-centered file of the Supreme Court Database. “Wrote a concurrence” means the justice sided with the majority and wrote separately; a justice who dissented in part is counted on the side they took overall. A justice who wrote nothing is listed as joining their side.
Positions are each justice’s Martin–Quinn score for the case’s term, the same scores as the Ideology page: negative is more liberal, positive more conservative. A score sums up a justice’s votes across the whole term, so it says where they usually sit, not why they voted as they did here. The median line is the Court’s median justice that term.
The parties
Who brought the case to the Court, who answered it, and how it got there.
- Petitioner
- Transunion LLCBusiness, corporation
- Respondent
- RamirezConsumer, consumer organization
- Reached the Court by
- Certiorari (the Court chose to hear it)
Data notes
The names are the two sides of the case’s title. The description under each is the Supreme Court Database’s category for that party, in its own wording. The petitioner is the side that asked the Supreme Court to review the decision below. “Why it was taken” appears only when the majority opinion says lower courts disagreed or were unsure about the question; reasons that would fit any case (“to resolve the question presented”, “an important question”) are left out.
The law at issue
The law the Court was asked to apply, and the kind of power it used to decide.
- Provision
- Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (case or controversy requirement)
- Kind of law
- Constitution
- Decided by
- Judicial review (national level); Federal common law
Data notes
The Supreme Court Database codes the main constitutional provision, statute or court rule each case turned on, and the basis of the decision: judicial review of a federal or state law, interpreting a statute, supervising the lower courts, and so on. A case can rest on more than one. “Overruled” counts only where the majority opinion says so.
Timeline
What happened at the Court and how the case got there, newest first.
- Jun 25, 2021DecidedDecided · Decided 5–4: reversed and remanded. Transunion LLC won.
- Mar 30, 2021ArguedArgued · Oral argument before the Court.
- Not datedTaken upTaken up · The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case (certiorari).
- Not datedCourt belowCourt below · Decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit: affirmed, with a dissent.
- Not datedBeganBegan · The case began in the California Northern U.S. District Court.
Data notes
From the Supreme Court Database: the court the case began in, the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed and what that court did, how the case came to the Court, and the dates of argument and decision. The database does not date the steps in the lower courts. Court names are the database’s.
Other decisions on the same issue
8 other argued cases since 1946 on standing to sue: legal injury, newest first.
- Murthy v. Missouri144 S. Ct. 1972Jun 26, 2024 · 144 S. Ct. 1972Judicial power6–36–3 band
- Nestle USA v. Doe I141 S. Ct. 1931Jun 17, 2021 · 141 S. Ct. 1931Judicial power8–18–1 band
- Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill139 S. Ct. 1945Jun 17, 2019 · 139 S. Ct. 1945Judicial power5–45–4 band
- Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC138 S. Ct. 1386Apr 24, 2018 · 138 S. Ct. 1386Judicial power5–45–4 band
- Wittman v. Personhuballah578 U.S. 539May 23, 2016 · 578 U.S. 539Judicial power8–0Unanimous band
- Esther Kiobel, Individually and on Behalf of Her Late Husband, Dr. Barinem Kiobel, et al., Petitioners v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. et al.569 U.S. 108Apr 17, 2013 · 569 U.S. 108Judicial power9–0Unanimous band
- Sprint Communs. Co., L.P. v. Apcc Servs.554 U.S. 269Jun 23, 2008 · 554 U.S. 269Judicial power5–45–4 band
- Medimmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., et al.549 U.S. 118Jan 9, 2007 · 549 U.S. 118Judicial power8–18–1 band
Data notes
Every other orally argued case with a clear vote, from the 1946 term on, that the Supreme Court Database files under the same issue as this one. The database gives each case one issue from a list of about 270 (abortion, search and seizure of vehicles, the death penalty, and so on), whatever law it turned on.
Official record
Read the argument audio on Oyez and Wikipedia. Case data from the Supreme Court Database, Version 2026 Release 01, through the 2025 term.